Challenges and ambiguities of the policies for immigrants’ regularisation: The Portuguese case in context

This chapter was devoted to examining the Portuguese case. As in other Southern European countries, Portugal witnessed considerable immigration fows since the 1980s. The type of economic demand was primarily based in labour-intensive industries, and the strength of the shadow economy fuelled the infows. Such as its Southern European counterparts, the policy responses were tentative and not capable of solving the endemic nature of irregular migration. Since the early 1990s several approaches were taken, which started as classic mass regularisations, turned to targeted regularisations and finished as a case-by-case mechanism inscribed in the law. One of the features of the Portuguese case was the alignment of interests behind such policies, joining employers, trade unions, NGOs, the Catholic Church, left and right-wing parties. Only recently, after the economic downturn of 2011–2014, some divergence emerged. Currently, the potential for erosion is strong and the continuity of the political consensus around immigration has been called into question.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Challenges and Ambiguities of the Policies for Immigrants’ Regularisation: The Portuguese Case in Context

The idea that most immigrant receiving countries face a crisis of control has become pervasive since the 1990s, when neoliberal globalisation, as well as securitarian and nationalist policies, gained space. Due to the several contradictions and inefficiencies of the global circulation framework, most countries are exposed to uncontrolled migration, including the North and South European ones. The challenge is stronger when borders separate regions with uneven development levels and the economic cycle is expanding. When irregular migration occurs, the basic ex-post policy choices are limited to ignore the problem, enact deportation strategies or create mechanisms for regularisation. In Southern European countries, irregular immigration became endemic. Until the mid-2000s, the most frequent policy approach adopted in these migration regimes was the enactment of extraordinary regularisation processes. Since then, some nations adopted an ongoing regularisation model. Using Portugal as a reference, we intend to examine how such processes were implemented and why they have been enacted. Because the features of the Portuguese case share elements with other countries, some comparative analysis is developed and positioned at the global European level, to evaluate the convergence or divergence hypothesis and the blurring of migration regimes’ boundaries.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Gentrification, ethnicization et la production sociale de l’espace fragmenté dans deux quartiers multi-ethniques de Lisbonne et Bilbao

Simultaneous trends for ethnicization and gentrification are contributing to the fragmentation of contemporary urban spaces. This is characterised by the emergence of new social and urban units that break the homogeneity of the modern city and lead to the development of new networks, territorially discontinuous, less neighbourhood centred and with a limited intersection. With Mouraria (Lisbon, Portugal) and San Francisco (Bilbao, Spain), two traditional and multiethnic neighbourhoods, as case-studies this paper aims to critically discuss the nature of gentrification, its coexistence with ethnicization and its contribution for socio-urban fragmentation. The empirical analysis of the residents’ social networks will be used to test levels and types of interaction and the spatial formats they assume.Tendências simultâneas para a etnicização residencial e a nobilitação têm contribuído para a fragmentação do espaço urbano contemporâneo. Esta caracteriza-se pelo surgimento de novas unidades sociais e urbanas que quebram a homogeneidade da cidade moderna e conduzem ao desenvolvimento de novas redes relacionais, descontínuas, menos centradas no bairro e com um nível limitado de intersecção. Com a Mouraria (Lisboa, Portugal) e San Francisco (Bilbau, Espanha), dois bairros tradicionais e multiétnicos, como estudos de caso, discutir-se- -á criticamente a natureza da nobilitação, a sua relação com a etnicização e a sua contribuição para a fragmentação sócio-espacial. A análise das redes sociais dos residentes será utilizada para testar níveis e tipos de interacção, bem como os formatos espaciais que estes assumem.Des tendances simultanées d’éthnicization et de gentrification ont contribué à la fragmentation de l’espace urbain contemporain. Celle-ci est caractérisée par de nouvelles unités sociales et urbaines, qui détruisent l’homogénéité de la ville moderne et conduisent au développement de nouveaux réseaux, spatialement discontinus, moins centrés sur les quartiers et avec une intersection limitée. A partir de deux études de cas de quartiers traditionnels et multiethniques (Mouraria, Lisbonne et Bilbao, Espagne), la nature de la gentrification sera discutée, ainsi que sa relation avec l’éthnicization et sa contribution pour la fragmentation socio-spatiale. L’analyse empirique des réseaux sociaux des résidents servira pour tester les niveaux et les types d’intégration, ainsi que leurs formats spatiaux.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

EU and US approaches to the management of immigration: Portugal

The European Union and the United States are areas of immigration, and both are entities of multi-level governance facing the task of managing international migration. However, unlike the United States most European states do not consider immigration as a matter of national interest. In the US a regulated immigration system aims to enhance the benefits and minimise the drawbacks of immigration. The country’s bi-partisan immigration policy receives strong support from a wide variety of stakeholders. In Europe the emphasis is on immigration restriction and prevention, reflecting the position of most stakeholders that the costs of immigration outweigh its benefits. Immigration is a sensitive and sometimes controversial issue, as is demonstrated in recent elections in a number of European countries. On both sides of the Atlantic migration ranked high on the agenda throughout the nineties. Changes in the size and direction of migratory movements as a result of global developments, EU enlargement and NAFTA received a great deal of attention. The ways in which migration policies are designed and implemented were reviewed and underwent some important changes. In 1997, the US Commission on Immigration Reform presented its final report to Congress, proposing important changes in US immigration policies and management. In Europe the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty empowered the European Union’s institutions to act on migration, changing intergovernmental co-operation among member states into the development of joint policies on immigration and immigrant integration. A new debate emerged on the role of immigration to address economic and demographic imbalances. The events of September 11 did not in themselves have an impact on the foundations of immigration policies’ governance structures, or lead to changes in them, other than those already proposed. The events added, however, a range of other issues to the overall policy agenda (issues related to the fight against terrorism became a top priority) and the immigration agenda (where security issues became a priority). This resulted in a stagnation of the further development of immigration policies (the best example probably being the US- Mexico migration agreement) and in a refocusing of attention on countering the victimisation of immigrants and the straining of community relations. It is against this backdrop that MPG launched the project EU and US approaches to the management of immigration in an attempt to identify the main drivers of immigration management in EU and US systems of multi-level governance. Building on an understanding of how migration needs are assessed and translated into policy on the national or state level, the project focused on the way in which national or state governments promote their immigration related interests within the federation (in the case of the United States) and the Union (in the case of the European Union). How successful are the different entities in shaping common policies according to their needs? Do they consider centralisation (which the extension of EU powers suggests), or decentralisation (as the campaigns of some states for a greater say in immigration matters suggest) more useful for realising their immigration-related goals? The reports on fourteen EU Member States, three candidate countries and one associated state each have four chapters: • The first chapter reviews the (emerging) debates on migration and pays particular attention to the terms of the debate. It examines whether migration is debated in terms of control, security and restriction, or rather in terms of migration management and the assessment of migration needs. It asks whether the terms of the debate are different for different types of migrants, for instance irregular migrants vs. highly qualified migrants. The chapter analyses whether immigration has been linked with and embedded in larger discussions about social and economic policies for the future. In particular, it looks at the debates around the labour market and demography and considers whether and how immigration has been considered as an option for meeting emerging challenges in these areas. • The second chapter provides an inventory of stakeholders and an analysis of their activities. It gives a detailed account of who is responsible for which area of migration management in the different government departments. It also covers the activities of the various non-governmental organisations active in this field. The central question is which groups (within government, employers, trade unions, NGOs, academics and other experts) assess national migration needs, which instruments and mechanisms they use to make these assessments, and how they assert influence in the political decision-making process to translate these assessments into policies. • The third chapter provides an analysis of migration management in the areas covered by three of the most important Directives proposed by the European Commission (on admission for employment, family reunification1, and long-term residents). Rapporteurs compare the national legal framework with the proposed European measures, and assess the degree of convergence between the two. The chapter addresses each of the substantive points dealt with in the Commission’s proposals and sets out the corresponding national provisions, if such provisions exist under the current system. Recent and impending changes of national law are also examined, with a view to assessing whether immigration management rules are moving closer to or further away from the proposed European legislation. • The fourth chapter offers concluding remarks and evaluations by the rapporteurs. It addresses the Commission proposal for an Open Method of Co-ordination and considers whether such a mechanism would fit well with existing policy-making structures. Where appropriate, the chapter looks more closely at the proposed Guidelines and evaluates the degree to which they are already tackled in national policy. The impact of the European Employment Strategy on immigration management is also assessed. The fourth chapter also gives the rapporteurs an opportunity to make recommendations and to suggest alternative benchmarks for future debates and policy developments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Portugal 2010: o regresso do país de emigração?

DURANTE CERCA DE 15 ANOS, entre inícios da década de 90 e meados do presente decé- nio, a emigração portuguesa adquiriu um estatuto de quase invisibilidade na abordagem dos fenómenos migratórios associados a Portugal, tanto por parte de políticos, como de académicos. A imigração, para muitos sinónimo de país desenvolvido, que num contexto de modernização e crescimento econó- mico não só assegurava emprego para todos os autóctones, como necessitava de colmatar diversos défi ces sectoriais (desde os “clássicos” como os verifi cados na construção civil, nas obras públicas ou no emprego doméstico até aos “novos” como a agricultura, alguns segmentos da indústria e cada vez mais o comércio retalhista), assumiu quase todo o espaço reservado nas agendas política, académica e social ao fenómeno das migrações internacionais

Reciprocal migration: the coloniality of recent two-way migration links between Angola and Portugal

Reciprocal migration—which we defne as the mutual exchange of origin and destination by two diferent migrating groups—is hardly acknowledged in the migration literature. In terms of the temporalities of migration, which are usually seen as sequences or transitions, reciprocal migrations are simultaneous. We analyse the reciprocal migrations between Angola and Portugal over the time-frame of the past 10–15 years. Indepth interviews were carried out with Portuguese migrants in Angola, most of whom moved there in the wake of the post-2008 fnancial crisis, and with Angolan third-level students and recent graduates in Portugal. A key operational concept in our analysis is the plastic notion of skill and its diferential racialisation. Portuguese migrants in Angola are automatically regarded as ‘skilled’ even when they are not, whereas Angolan students and graduates in Portugal, when they seek work, are often viewed as ‘unskilled African migrant workers’. We thus distinguish and deconstruct the geographical binary between transnational origin and destination spaces and the social binary between ‘skilled white bodies’ and ‘unskilled black bodies’. These racialised embodied tropes draw on histories of Portuguese colonisation and the contested notion of ‘Lusotropicalism’, as well as the so-called Lusophone migration system involving complex transnational relations and two-way migration fows. Theoretically we frame this asymmetrical system of reciprocal migration within a modifed version of core–periphery relations, as well as the coloniality of power and its enduring infuence over the racialisation of skill, education, culture and language across the Portuguese–Angolan transnational space.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Casamentos mistos e fluxo migratório de casais luso-brasileiros no Atlântico: discutindo retornos e (im)permanências

Entre 2010 e 2015, o contexto migratório português alterou-se significativamente em consequência dos impactos sociais da crise financeira e económica, o que resultou num saldo migratório negativo, combinando redução do fluxo de entrada e incremento nas saídas de imigrantes (para novos destinos ou retorno ao país de origem) com o aumento da emigração portuguesa. Neste contexto, alguns casais luso-brasileiros mudaram-se para o Brasil, onde as oportunidades económicas e sociais, naquele período, pareciam mais favoráveis; contudo, entre 2016 e 2019, esse fluxo terá de novo oscilado, favorecendo agora Portugal enquanto espaço de destino. Combinando dados quantitativos sobre casamentos e nascimentos para demonstrar as ligações familiares entre brasileiras/os e portugueses/as e dados qualitativos coletados em entrevistas com famílias luso-brasileiras que vieram para Portugal, este texto procurou escrutinar duas ideias principais: (i) as razões do retorno para Portugal e a relevância dos contextos familiares, neste processo; e (ii) os projetos migratórios futuros e as suas implicações na (im)permanência neste país europeu. Teoricamente este artigo pretende desafiar e discutir categorias migratórias clássicas dos estudos migratórios como emigrantes-imigrantes e, sobretudo, partida e retorno, posicionando-as em contextos binacionais. Pretende-se assim desafiar a noção clássica de retorno a partir de uma perspetiva centrada em sujeitos migrantes mais complexos (os casais mistos) em relação aos espaços originais de referência que, por sua vez, também se vão transformando no quadro da circularidade migratória.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Casamento mistos e migração: evidências e negociação familiar no quadro de um espaço transnacional no atlântico

Entre os casamentos mistos os casamentos entre portugueses/as com brasileiros/as são os que mais se destacam em Portugal. Combinando dados quantitativos (nascimentos) e qualitativos (entrevistas com famílias luso-brasileiras), procuramos escrutinar: (i) as razões do retorno para Portugal e a relevância dos contextos familiares, neste processo; e (ii) os projetos migratórios futuros e as suas implicações na (im)permanência neste país europeu. Argumentamos que Portugal e Brasil são experienciados pelos casais mistos luso-brasileiros como um espaço social transnacional contínuo, mobilizado de acordo com as conjunturas político-económicas associadas aos anseios pessoais posicionados no quadro familiar.Within the framework of mixed marriages, Portuguese-Brazilian marriages are the most prominent in Portugal. Combining quantitative (births) and qualitative data (interviews with Portuguese-Brazilian families), we seek to scrutinize: (i) the reasons for return to Portugal and the relevance of family contexts, in this process; and (ii) future migration projects and their implications for (im)permanence in this European country. We argue that Portugal and Brazil are experienced by Luso-Brazilian mixed couples as a continuous transnational social space, mobilized according to the political-economic conjunctures associated with the personal desires positioned in the family framework.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Evidências da nova emigração portuguesa: o caso dos artistas, designers e arquitetos

Após 2010, o saldo migratório em Portugal voltou a atingir valores negativos, refletindo uma nova grande vaga de emigração portuguesa que, perante a crise e as correspondentes adversidades sentidas em Portugal, procurou uma solução alternativa para além das fronteiras nacionais. Entre os vários perfis profissionais e histórias de migração, destacam-se os trabalhadores da cultura qualificados, que a somar à precariedade do seu setor de atividade e à impossibilidade de construir uma carreira sólida em Portugal, decidiram emigrar e integrar outros mercados de trabalho. Esta comunicação – que procura contribuir para o conhecimento geográfico – tem como objetivo revelar a geografia, motivos e situação laboral desta nova emigração portuguesa, em particular o caso dos artistas, designers e arquitetos, tendo por base um inquérito por questionário feito entre 2014 e 2015 a emigrantes portugueses, no âmbito do projeto REMIGR. Entre outros resultados, este trabalho, para além de mostrar a grande diversidade de destinos e a melhoria das condições laborais no destino, testemunha o descrédito de um futuro em Portugal. Publicação enquadrada no projecto ÁGORA - Encontros entre a cidade e as artes: Explorando novas urbanidades (PTDC/ATPGEO/3208/2014).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Immigrants in Lisbon: routes of integration

The origins of this research lie in a report on the integration policies aimed at the immigrant population of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, written within the scope of an international research project co-ordinated by Harlan Koff and hosted by the Ethnobarometer Program1: Migrant Integration in Selected European Cities: a Comparative Evaluation of City-based Integration Measures2 (Koff, 2002). The work now undertaken further investigates the issues analysed in that report and is part of the Project “Reinventing Portuguese Metropolises: migrants and urban governance” of the Centro de Estudos Geográficos of the University of Lisbon, funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (POCTI 38599/GEO/2001). It was not until recently that Portugal became a destination area for international migrations and, thus, the percentage of immigrants and ethnic minorities in the resident population of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area is lower than is the case in other capital regions of Central and Northern Europe. However, over the past 25 years, just like in other Southern European metropolises, there has been a significant growth in the number of foreign citizens, which has taken place alongside the ethnic and cultural diversification of those living in the Lisbon region. At the same time, the Lisbon Metropolitan Area has also undergone a process of social and spatial restructuring, with the reinforcement of the spatial segregation mechanisms based on ethnicity. Moreover, the development of ethnic enterpreneurship and the cultural and social practises specific to certain immigrant groups has led to the intensification of the original forms of appropriation of Lisbon’s urban space, the Martim Moniz area providing a paradigmatic example [...]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio