Factors affecting IUD discontinuation in women referring to Shahrekord health centers in 2010

زمینه و هدف: آی یو دی (IUD) از جمله روشهای سالم، موثر، ارزان، برگشت پذیر با میزان شکست پائین است که اساسی‌ترین ویژگی آن طولانی‌مدت بودن اثر پیشگیری از بارداری می‌باشد. با این حال در بسیاری موارد اقدام به خروج IUD پیش از موعد صورت می‌گیرد و شناخت عوامل مسبب قطع استفاده از IUD اطلاعات مفیدی برای سیستم بهداشتی فراهم می‌آورد. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین عوامل موثر بر خروج پیش از موعد IUD در زنان مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی شهر شهرکرد انجام گردید. روش بررسی: این مطالعه مقطعی بر روی 182 زن تحت پوشش مراکز بهداشتی درمانی شهر شهرکرد که در طی سال 1389جهت خروج قبل از موعد IUD به این مراکز مراجعه نمودند، انجام شد. روش نمونه-گیری، آسان و مبتنی بر هدف و اطلاعات لازم از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه گردآوری و با استفاده از آزمون های آماری تی استیودنت، کای اسکوئر، آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه، ضریب همبستگی پیرسون تحت نرم افزار آماری SPSS با سطح معنی داری داده ها کمتر از 05/0 تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته‌ها: مهمترین علل خارج‌سازی پیش از موعد IUD به ترتیب خونریزی(2/29)، تمایل به حاملگی مجدد(7/26)، جابجایی IUD(9/14 )، عفونت(8/11٪)، درد زیر شکم(5/7٪) و اختلال قاعدگی(6/5٪) بود. مشاوره قبل از گذاشتن IUDبا مدت زمان استفاده از IUD و عوارض جانبی آن ارتباط معنی‌داری داشت(001/0

Description of the first cave dwelling species of the spider genus Trilacuna Tong & Li from Iran (Araneae: Oonopidae)

A new species of the hard-bodied oonopid genus Trilacuna Tong & Li is described from a cave in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, southwestern Iran. Trilacuna qarzi sp. nov. is the first troglobiont species known of the genus, and is also the fifth oonopid species to be reported from Iran. Relationships of this new species are briefly discussed in the contextof the limits of the genera belonging to the Dysderoides complex.Fil: Javad Malek Hosseini, Mohammad. Shiraz University; IránFil: Grismado, Cristian José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Sadeghi, Saber. Shiraz University; IránFil: Bakhshi, Yaser. Shiraz University; Irá

The Status of the Concept of Atmosphere in Hermann Schmitz’s New Phenomenology

This paper seeks to analyse the concept of atmosphere in the philosophical system of Hermann Schmitz, the founder of New Phenomenology, as a fundamental concept for understanding his philosophical system; he uses this concept to transcend the duality of subject-object as well as to show the hidden realities and the foundations of lived experience of reality, by looking at how phenomenological analysis is revealed. Beside being used in sciences such as physics, meteorology, and psychology, the term also refers to the atmosphere as a concrete phenomenon; it is also an evidence of his understanding the phenomenology and reformulating it. This paper aims to show the connection between the concept of the felt-body (Leib), as the theoretical core of his work, and space and emotion as other key concepts in his philosophical system, by using the structural analysis of the concept and the phenomen of atmosphere.The result of the analysis in this paper shows the special place of the concept of atmosphere in Schmitz's philosophical system and its prominent role in establishing his method of New Phenomenology

Gestational diabetes mellitus: Major risk factors and pregnancy-related outcomes: A cohort study

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major pregnancy endocrine problem that has several confirmed risk factors and is associated with adverse pregnancy-related outcomes (PRO). Objective: To evaluate the relationship between GDM diagnosis and the associated risk factors of PRO (maternal, intrapartum, perinatal, and neonatal) in accordance with International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed with 531 singleton parturient (265 GDM and 266 non-GDM). They were selected consecutively from referral hospitals, and the maternal, intrapartum, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Results: The major risk factors influencing the GDM diagnosis were maternal age, obesity, family history of diabetes, previous history of GDM, and previous history of macrosomia. In the comparison of PRO between the groups, significant associations were detected for emergency cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, premature rupture of membrane, preterm delivery, and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in the GDM group. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a previous history of stillbirth was significantly associated with maternal and perinatal outcomes. The odds ratios (CI 95%) of the PRO in the women with a GDM diagnosis were: maternal = 2.43 (1.51-3.90), intrapartum = 2.05 (1.35- 3.11), perinatal = 2.00 (1.29-3.10), and neonatal = 1.68 (1.08-2.62). The PRO was significantly correlated with GDM diagnosis, but not with the risk factors. Conclusion: The adverse pregnancy outcomes were significantly correlated with GDM diagnosis, and the outcomes were not directly affected by the risk factors. Given the related adverse outcomes for mothers and offspring, early screening and management of GDM is necessary especially in Asians and in low-/middle-income countries. Key words: Gestational diabetes mellitus, Pregnancy outcomes, Risk factors

The Effects of Sex Hormones on Liver Regeneration after Liver Trauma in Animal Model

Background: The surgical management of liver injuries remains a great challenge for the traumatologists and general surgeons. We hypothesized that administration of 17 â-estradiol, a female sex hormone, improves hepatocellular healing after liver trauma.Methods: In an experimental model, 60 rats were divided into six subgroups: A (male control), B (male and estradiol), C (castrated male and estradiol), D (female control), F (female and estradiol), and G (oopherectomized female). After inducing liver trauma, estradiol subgroups received 3 doses of intravenous 17 â-estradiol (1 mg/kg) every 8 hours. 2 weeks post trauma, animals were sacrificed and hepatocellular regeneration was measured with the help of stereologic parameters of regeneration. Hepatocellular healing was compared between previous left lobe samples and the new post-traumatic right lobe samples.Results: Stereological parameters of rats receiving 17 b-estradiol after trauma was much better regarding mean angiogenesis point counting and volume density, compared with non-receiver groups after 2 weeks of trauma (P < 0.005). There was no significant difference for hepatocyte nucleus, hepatocyte point counting and volume density between estradiol receiver and non-receiver groups. In a comparison between subgroups, female sex had the same effect as giving estradiol. Oopherectomized female rats had more fibrogenesis but less angiogenesis (P < 0.005). Fibrogenesis was more in groups that were estradiol non-receiver (P < 0.005). In an explicit comparison of control females and males, estradiol infused males and females, and castrated male or oopherectomized female groups showed that stereological parameters of hepatocyte and hepatocyte nucleus were lower in female subgroups, but angiogenesis was better for female groups except for oopherectomized females.Conclusions: This study did support the administration of exogenic female hormone as an approach to augment the angiogenesis as a good index of regeneration for traumatic liver in rats

Path Analysis of Direct and Indirect Effect of Statistical literacy on Applying Proper Statistical Test (Case Study of agricultural extension and education graduated students)

Abstract: Research methods, statistical analysis and domination on subject are essential for a rich dissertation and thesis to be developed. The main goal of this study was to obtain the perception of the agricultural extension and education graduated students about their statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking according to standard tests and to trace thematic evolution (content analysis) of dissertations and thesis done by the same graduated students according to sequential statistics analysis approach (SSAA). To this end, the study analyzed 315 thesis and dissertation to understand, how and to what extent, proper and mix statistical methods are applied to achieve realistic outcomes. In the other hand, 115 questionnaires were fulfilled, containing statistical standard tests about statistical literacy, reasoning, thinking, attitude, content knowledge and principal component of statistics learning. According to the path analysis results, the statistical attitude (total effect=0.80) had the most effect (direct and indirect effect) on applying statistical methods

The effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles surface engineering on relaxivity of magnetoliposome

The purpose of this work is evaluating the effect of ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) coatings on encapsulation efficiency in liposomes and cellular cytotoxicity assay. Moreover, we assessed the effects of surface engineering on the relaxivity of magnetoliposome nanoparticles in order to create a targeted reagent for the intelligent diagnosis of cancers by MRI. For estimating the effect of nanoparticle coatings on encapsulation, several kinds of USPIONs coated by dextran, PEG5000 and citrate were used. All kinds of samples are monodispersed and below 100 ± 10 nm and the coatings of USPIONs have no significant effect on magnetoliposome diameter. The coating of USPIONs could have effect on percentage of encapsulation. The dextran coated USPIONs have more stability and quality accordingly the encapsulation increased up to 92, then the magnetoliposome nano particles have been targeted by Herceptin and anti-HER2 VHH, separately. Over storage period of four weeks the resulting particles were stable and physico-chemical properties such as size and zetapotential did not show any significant changes. The relaxivity of contrast agents was measured using a 1.5 T MRI. The r2/r1 ratio was more than two for all samples which demonstrate the negative contrast enhancing of all SPION embedded specimens. The high ratio of r2/r1 as well as high r2 is the best combination of a negative contrast agent as it is obtained for pure magnetite. The value of r2/r1 for all other samples including Herceptin targeted magnetoliposome, anti-HER2 VHH targeted magnetoliposome and non-targeted magnetoliposome were between ~21 to ~28, which show the magnetite embedded samples have enough negative contrast to be detectable by MRI. Therefore the HER2 targeted magnetoliposomes are a good and stable candidate as contrast agents in clinical radiology and biomedical research with minimal cytotoxicity and biocompatibility effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Immunosuppressive regimens on conversion of cytomegalovirus infection to disease in liver transplant recipients

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is one of the most common infectious complications after liver transplantation. It is the cause of numerous morbidity and mortalities. Intensity of immunosuppression defined as overall immunosuppressive drug dosage seems to affect infectious complications. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the intensity of immunosuppression on conversion of CMV infection to disease in this population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively evaluated and analyzed the data of all recipients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) between March 2014 and March 2016 and had positive serum PCR for CMV after transplantation in follow- up course. Of 134 recipients, only 66 adult liver transplant recipients were eligible to be studied.  Multiple variables such as MELD score, cold ischemic time, warm ischemic time, operative data, immunosuppressive drugs and regimen, plasma CMV viral load, donor and recipient CMV IgG serostatus were recorded and analyzed. Results: of the 66 patients, 50 (76) had CMV infection and 16 (24) had disease. There was significant association between donor CMV IgG serostatus, extra corticosteroid pulse therapy, acute cellular rejection, serum tacrolimus level and conversion of CMV infection to CMV disease (P=0.005, 0.001, 0.031, 0.031). Conclusion: It seems that the intensity of immunosuppression has influence on conversion rate of CMV infection to disease in liver recipients