Nuevas propuestas de formacion de profesorado en el estado español

From a process that is taken place at a E. U. of training of teachers, under the Autonomous University of Madrid, the author pleads for the organisation of a High raising Centre of Teachers, which structured as a College, would undertake all training of teachers education levels. This project is born with the idea of systematising and improving the resources of the U.A.M. in the field of training of teachers, (different specialises of the teachers, initial new course of teachers for secondary education, future course of professional skills along the second cycle related sith the teaching function, programs for Doctors in the area of education, continuous training, proper titles etc.). Among its functions it is included as well, one to build up proposals directed to the teaching graduation.It is defends by the author that the process to graduation would only be possible if Goberments and Parliaments were concencious that is society, which demands training in agreement with the actual development of psychology and the CC. of education.; A partir de un proceso que se está llevando a cabo en una E. U. de Formación de Profesorado de la U.A.M. el autor aboga por la configuración de un Centro Superior de Formación de Profesorado que, estructurado como Facultad, asumiría la formación de Profesores en todos los niveles educativos. Este proyecto nace con la idea de unificar, sistematizar y optimizar los recursos que actualmente dispone la U.A.M. en el campo de la formación del Profesorado (distintas especialidades de maestro, Curso de formación inicial de Profesorado de Educación Secundaria, Curso de Capacitación profesional docente, estudios de segundo ciclo relacionados con la función docente, Programas de doctorado en el ámbito de la educación, formación permanente, títulos propios, etc...). Entre sus funciones se recoge, además, la de elaborar propuestas conducentes a la licenciatura de Magisterio.Defiende el autor que el proceso hacia la licenciatura sólo es posible como consecuencia de que los Gobiernos Parlamentos sean conscientes de que es la sociedad quien demanda una formación acorde con el actual desarrollo de la Psicología y de las Ciencias de la Educación

Nuevas propuestas de formacion de profesorado en el estado español

From a process that is taken place at a E. U. of training of teachers, under the Autonomous University of Madrid, the author pleads for the organisation of a High raising Centre of Teachers, which structured as a College, would undertake all training of teachers education levels. This project is born with the idea of systematising and improving the resources of the U.A.M. in the field of training of teachers, (different specialises of the teachers, initial new course of teachers for secondary education, future course of professional skills along the second cycle related sith the teaching function, programs for Doctors in the area of education, continuous training, proper titles etc.). Among its functions it is included as well, one to build up proposals directed to the teaching graduation.It is defends by the author that the process to graduation would only be possible if Goberments and Parliaments were concencious that is society, which demands training in agreement with the actual development of psychology and the CC. of education.; A partir de un proceso que se está llevando a cabo en una E. U. de Formación de Profesorado de la U.A.M. el autor aboga por la configuración de un Centro Superior de Formación de Profesorado que, estructurado como Facultad, asumiría la formación de Profesores en todos los niveles educativos. Este proyecto nace con la idea de unificar, sistematizar y optimizar los recursos que actualmente dispone la U.A.M. en el campo de la formación del Profesorado (distintas especialidades de maestro, Curso de formación inicial de Profesorado de Educación Secundaria, Curso de Capacitación profesional docente, estudios de segundo ciclo relacionados con la función docente, Programas de doctorado en el ámbito de la educación, formación permanente, títulos propios, etc...). Entre sus funciones se recoge, además, la de elaborar propuestas conducentes a la licenciatura de Magisterio.Defiende el autor que el proceso hacia la licenciatura sólo es posible como consecuencia de que los Gobiernos Parlamentos sean conscientes de que es la sociedad quien demanda una formación acorde con el actual desarrollo de la Psicología y de las Ciencias de la Educación

Rules of Causal Judgment: Mapping Statistical Information onto Causal Beliefs (Erratum)

Correction of erroneous signs in Equation 2 from: Perales, J.C., Catena, A., Cándido, A., & Maldonado, A. (2017). Rules of Causal Judgment: Mapping Statistical Information onto Causal Beliefs. In: M. Waldmann (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning. (pp. 29-51). Oxford University Press. [Available at https://goo.gl/R2rQ4b].Universidad de Granada. Grupo de Investigación Aprendizaje, Emoción y Decisión (CTS176

Depression and cognition: new insights from the Lorenz curve and the Gini index

This ex post facto prospective study reports the use of statistical techniques known as the Lorenz curve and Gini index to analyze the content of depressive cognitions as a function of attributional negative style (i.e., internal, global and stable causal attributions for failure or negative events, as proposed by the learned helplessness model) and negative cognitive triad (i.e., a negative view of oneself, ones future and ones world, according to Beck’s cognitive model of depression). These statistical techniques revealed that attributional style was poorly related with depression level, whereas the negative cognitive triad showed a close relationship and provided a more accurate description of the depressive cognitive pattern. We also document how the Lorenz curve and Gini index can be used to assess the predictive capacity of different instruments or the strength of the relationship between different variables and psychological disorders, and to evaluate different models proposed to explain these disorders. This pioneering study reveals the potential usefulness in Psychology of these statistical techniques, mainly used in Economical sciences, for analyzing the validity of different factors and possible predictors of specific psychological disorders, or to enhance existing instruments, as our present study with depression shows.La principal aportación del actual estudio prospectivo ex post facto es el uso de técnicas estadísticas conocidas como la Curva de Lorenz o el Índice de Gini, para analizar el contenido de las cogniciones depresivas, en función del estilo atribucional (i.e., atribuciones internas, estables y globales para las causas del fracaso o de sucesos negativos, como propone el modelo de la indefensión aprendida) y la triada cognitiva negativa (i.e., una visión negativa de sí mismo, del mundo y del futuro, acorde al modelo cognitivo de Beck de la depresión). Tanto las curvas de Lorenz, como los índices de Gini, revelaron que, mientras el estilo atribucional estaba poco relacionado con el nivel de depresión, la triada cognitiva negativa mostraba una alta relación, lo que sugiere que esta última constituye una mejor descripción del contenido cognitivo de los pensamientos depresivos. Al mismo tiempo, este estudio documenta como ambas técnicas, Índice de Gini y Curva de Lorenz, pueden usarse para evaluar tanto la capacidad predictiva de diferentes instrumentos o técnicas de medida psicológicas, como la validez de las variables propuestas por los modelos teóricos que pretenden explicar trastornos psicológicos concretos. Este estudio pionero revela por tanto, la utilidad potencial de estas técnicas estadísticas en Psicología tanto para analizar los factores o predictores de trastornos psicológicos específicos, como para potenciar los instrumentos de medida existentes, como se ha mostrado en este trabajo para la depresión.O presente estudo prospectivo ex post facto relata o uso de técnicas estatísticas conhecidas como a Curva de Lorenz ou o Índice de Gini, para analisar o conteúdo das cognições depressivas, em função do estilo atribucional (i.e., atribuições internas, estáveis e globais para as causas do fracasso ou de acontecimentos negativos, como propõe o modelo do desânimo aprendido) e a tríade cognitiva (i.e., uma visão negativa de si mesmo, do mundo e do futuro, de acordo com o modelo cognitivo de Beck da depressão). Tanto as curvas de Lorenz, como os índices de Gini, revelaram que, apesar de o estilo atribucional estar pouco relacionado com o nível de depressão, a tríade cognitiva mostrava uma alta relação, o que sugere que esta última constitui uma melhor descrição do conteúdo cognitivo dos pensamentos depressivos. Ao mesmo tempo, este estudo documenta como ambas as técnicas, Índice de Gini e Curva de Lorenz, se podem usar para avaliar tanto a capacidade preditiva de diferentes instrumentos ou técnicas de medida psicológicas, como a validade das variáveis propostas pelos modelos teóricos que pretendem explicar perturbações psicológicas concretas. Este estudo pioneiro revela portanto, a utilidade potencial destas técnicas estatísticas em Psicologia tanto para analisar os factores ou preditores de perturbações psicológicas específicas, como para potenciar os instrumentos de medida existentes, como se mostrou neste trabalho para a depressão.This research was supported by a DGICYT grant to A. Maldonado (PB 98-1352) and (MTN2004-03672) to R. Pérez-Ocón

Risk proneness modulates the impact of impulsivity on brain functional connectivity

Impulsivity and sensation seeking are considered to be among the most important personality traits involved in risk-taking behavior. This study is focused on whether the association of these personality traits and brain functional connectivity depends on individuals' risk proneness. Risk proneness was assessed with the DOSPERT-30 scale and corroborated with performance in a motorcycle simulator. The associations of impulsivity- and sensation seeking-related traits with the between and within coupling of seven major brain functional networks, estimated from electroencefalograma (EEG) recordings, differ according to whether an individual is risk prone or not. In risk-prone individuals, (lack of) premeditation enhanced the coupling of the ventral attention and limbic networks. At the same time, emotion seeking increased the coupling of the frontoparietal network and the default mode networks (DMNs). Finally, (lack of) perseverance had a positive impact on the coupling of anterior temporal nodes of the limbic network whilst having a negative impact on some frontal nodes of the frontoparietal network and the DMNs. In general, the results suggest that the predisposition to behave riskily modulates the way in which impulsivity traits are linked to brain functionality, seemingly making the brain networks prepare for an immediate, automatic, and maladaptive response.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness, Grant/Award Number: PSI2016-80558-R; Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, Grant/Award Number: FPU14/05928; Andalusian Regional Government, Grant/Award Number: SOMM17/6103/UG

Cocaine dependent individuals and gamblers present different associative learning anomalies in feedback-driven decision making: a behavioral and ERP study

The research presented here has been funded by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN (Spain), for Ana Torres and José C. Perales (ref. # PSI2009-13133), and Andrés Catena and Antonio Maldonado (ref. # PSI2009-12217); by a Junta de Andalucía (Spain) grant (ref. # PB09-SEJ4752) for Antonio Cándido: and by a RETICS (Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud) subprogramme grant (ref. # RD12/0028/0017) from the Ministerio de Sanidad, Políticas Sociales e Igualdad for José C. Perales. We would like to thank Proyecto Hombre’s Málaga and Granada centers, and AGRAJER (Asociación Granadina de Jugadores de Azar en Rehabilitación) for their invaluable and disinterested collaboration.Several recent studies have demonstrated that addicts behave less flexibly than healthy controls in the probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT), in which participants must gradually learn to choose between a probably rewarded option and an improbably rewarded one, on the basis of corrective feedback, and in which preferences must adjust to abrupt reward contingency changes (reversals). In the present study, pathological gamblers (PG) and cocaine dependent individuals (CDI) showed different learning curves in the PRLT. PG also showed a reduced electroencephalographic response to feedback (Feedback-Related Negativity, FRN) when compared to controls. CDI’s FRN was not significantly different either from PG or from healthy controls. Additionally, according to Standardized Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography analysis, cortical activity in regions of interest (previously selected by virtue of their involvement in FRN generation in controls) strongly differed between CDI and PG. However, the nature of such anomalies varied within-groups across individuals. Cocaine use severity had a strong deleterious impact on the learning asymptote, whereas gambling intensity significantly increased reversal cost. These two effects have remained confounded in most previous studies, which can be hiding important associative learning differences between different populations of addicts.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN (Spain), for Ana Torres and José C. Perales (ref. # PSI2009-13133), and Andrés Catena and Antonio Maldonado (ref. # PSI2009-12217)Junta de Andalucía (Spain) grant (ref. # PB09-SEJ4752)RETICS (Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud) subprogramme grant (ref. # RD12/0028/0017) from the Ministerio de Sanidad, Políticas Sociales e Igualda

Reaching a Consensus on Access Detection by a Decision System

Classification techniques based on Artificial Intelligence are computational tools that have been applied to detection of intrusions (IDS) with encouraging results. They are able to solve problems related to information security in an efficient way. The intrusion detection implies the use of huge amount of information. For this reason heuristic methodologies have been proposed. In this paper, decision trees, Naive Bayes, and supervised classifying systems UCS, are combined to improve the performance of a classifier. In order to validate the system, a scenario based on real data of the NSL-KDD99 dataset is used.Depto. de Arquitectura de Computadores y AutomáticaFac. de InformáticaTRUEMinistry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) of the Government of the Republic of Ecuadorpu

El diazepan atenúa el efecto de contraste positivo sucesivo en el aprendizaje de evitación de un sentido

This study examined the influence of diazepam upon the successive positive contrast effect in one-way avoidance learning. The results showed that when injected with vehicle, a safety-time increment (from 1 to 30sec in the contrast group) during one-way avoidance learning led to a performance improvement, surpassing that of two control groups receiving the larger (30sec) or the lower (1sec) reward (safe time) from the beginning of training. However, when three similar groups were injected with diazepam, this contrast effect disappeared and learning was similar in all groups at the end of training. These results demonstrated a positive contrast effect in one-way avoidance learning and its attenuation by diazepam, bearing out previous findings about the joint influence of fear and relief upon acquisition and maintenance of the avoidance response. From an opponent process theory, the interaction between the motivational strength of fear and the incentive value of relief can explain not only positive and negative contrast effects, but also how anxiolytics attenuate both effects.Se analiza la influencia del diazepan en el contraste positivo sucesivo durante el aprendizaje de la tarea de evitación de un sentido. Los resultados mostraron que cuando se inyectaba a los animales “vehículo”, el incremento del tiempo en seguridad (de 1 a 30 seg en el grupo de contraste) durante el entrenamiento, generaba una mejora de la ejecución, que superaba la de los animales que recibían desde el principio sólo el reforzamiento mayor (30 seg) o el menor (1 seg). Cuando se inyectaba diacepam, ese efecto de contraste positivo se anulaba y la ejecución de los tres grupos (1-30, 1-1 y 30-30) era similar al final del entrenamiento. Los resultados muestran un claro efecto de contraste positivo y su atenuación por la acción del diazepan confirmando hallazgos previos sobre la influencia conjunta del miedo y la relajación en la adquisición y mantenimiento de la respuesta de evitación. A partir de la teoría emocional de los procesos oponentes, la interacción entre la fuerza motivacional del miedo y el valor de incentivo de la seguridad podría explicar los fenómenos de contraste positivo y negativo y su atenuación mediante ansiolíticos. Palabras clave : diazepan, contraste positivo, aprendizaje de evitaciónThis research was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología Grants to A. Cándido and A. Maldonado (BSO2003-03723) and to M.C. Torres (SEJ2004-03231/PSIC)

Emotional and non-emotional pathways to impulsive behavior and addiction

The research presented here has been funded by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN (Spain), for Ana Torres/José C. Perales (ref. # PSI2009-13133), and Andrés Catena/Antonio Maldonado (ref. # PSI2009-12217); by a Junta de Andalucía (Spain) grant (ref. # PB09-SEJ4752) for Antonio Cándido: and by a RETICS (Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud) subprogramme grant (Ref. # RD12/0028/0017) from the Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (Spain), for José C. Perales/Antonio Verdejo-García.Impulsivity is tightly linked to addiction. However, there are several pathways by means of which impulsive individuals are more prone to become addicts, or to suffer an addiction more intensely and for a longer period. One of those pathways involves an inadequate appraisal or regulation of positive and negative emotions, leading to lack of control over hazardous behaviors, and inappropriate decisions. In the present work, we assessed cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI; n = 20), pathological gamblers (PG; n = 21), and healthy controls (HC; n = 23) in trait impulsivity measures (UPPS-P model's dimensions), and decision-making tasks (Go/No-go; delay-discounting task). During the Go/No-go task, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded, and Go/No-go stimuli-evoked potentials (ERP) were extracted. Theory-driven ERP analyses focused on the No-go > Go difference in the N2 ERP. Our results show that negative urgency is one of the several psychological features that distinguish addicts from HC. Nevertheless, among the dimensions of trait impulsivity, negative urgency is unique at independently covarying with gambling over-pathologization in the PG sample. Cocaine-dependent individuals performed more poorly than gamblers in the Go/No-go task, and showed abnormal Go/No-go stimuli-evoked potentials. The difference between the No-go stimulus-evoked N2, and the Go one was attenuated by severity and intensity of chronic cocaine use. Emotional dimensions of impulsivity, however, did not influence Go/No-go performance.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN (Spain), for Ana Torres/José C. Perales (ref. # PSI2009-13133), and Andrés Catena/Antonio Maldonado (ref. # PSI2009-12217)Junta de Andalucía (Spain) grant (ref. # PB09-SEJ4752) for Antonio CándidoRETICS (Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud) subprogramme grant (Ref. # RD12/0028/0017) from the Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (Spain), for José C. Perales/Antonio Verdejo-García