Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Estimating trans-seasonal variability in water column biomass for a highly migratory, deep diving predator

International audienceThe deployment of animal-borne electronic tags is revolutionizing our understanding of how pelagic species respond to their environment by providing in situ oceanographic information such as temperature, salinity, and light measurements. These tags, deployed on pelagic animals, provide data that can be used to study the ecological context of their foraging behaviour and surrounding environment. Satellite-derived measures of ocean colour reveal temporal and spatial variability of surface chlorophyll-a (a useful proxy for phytoplankton distribution). However, this information can be patchy in space and time resulting in poor correspondence with marine animal behaviour. Alternatively, light data collected by animalborne tag sensors can be used to estimate chlorophyll-a distribution. Here, we use light level and depth data to generate a phytoplankton index that matches daily seal movements. Time-depth-light recorders (TDLRs) were deployed on 89 southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) over a period of 6 years (1999–2005). TDLR data were used to calculate integrated light attenuation of the top 250 m of the water column (LA250), which provided an index of phytoplankton density at the daily scale that was concurrent with the movement and behaviour of seals throughout their entire foraging trip. These index values were consistent with typical seasonal chl-a patterns as measured from 8-daySea-viewing Wide Fieldof-view Sensor (SeaWiFs) images. The availability of data recorded by the TDLRs was far greater than concurrent remotely sensed chl-a at higher latitudes and during winter months. Improving the spatial and temporal availability of phytoplankton information concurrent with animal behaviour has ecological implications for understanding the movement of deep diving predators in relation to lower trophic levels in the Southern Ocean. Light attenuation profiles recorded by animal-borne electronic tags can be used more broadly and routinely to estimate lower trophic distribution at sea in relation to deep diving predator foraging behaviour

Summary of tag deployments for 89 female elephant seals: year, trip, tag type used, number of individuals tagged, and period of data records (start to finish dates).

<p><i>PB</i> - post-breeding, <i>PM</i> - post-moult.</p><p>Summary of tag deployments for 89 female elephant seals: year, trip, tag type used, number of individuals tagged, and period of data records (start to finish dates).</p

Examples of light-depth profiles collected from the descent (solid) and ascent (dashed) phases of dives.

<p>Profiles recorded at local (A) midnight, (B) 6am, (C) noon and (D) 6pm on 14 February 2001. Light level values are related to blue light intensity (W cm⁻²). Calibrations are checked at levels 10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻⁹ W cm⁻², which correlated to light level values around 150, 110 and 70 respectively (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113171#pone.0113171.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a>).</p

Proportion of dives whereby greatest temperature and light inflection points are above a given depth.

<p>Proportion of dives whereby greatest temperature and light inflection points are above a given depth.</p

(A) Seasonal spatial distribution and (B) latitudinal patterns of TDLR_chl† from the final mixed model.

<p>Each map shows the bottom of Tasmania and New Zealand (top), the coast of East Antarctica and Ross Sea (bottom), and the sea ice extent (blue dashed line). The black asterisk shows Macquarie Island. For each corresponding plot (B) the black line represents a loess fit and blue dashed lines represent the 95% confidence level, and the vertical red dashed line represents the mean TDLR_chl. †Light-based <i>chl-a</i> estimates from our final mixed model collected by TDLRs.</p

Data summary for each deployment (<i>i.e.</i> trip) by year: number of seals (<i>n</i>); total light profiles and locations at noon and concurrent chl-a; filtered^† light profiles and locations at noon and concurrent chl-a; number of 1° grid cell locations and concurrent <i>chl-a</i>.

†<p>locations with >3 light profiles that do not coincide with heavy sea-ice.</p><p>Data summary for each deployment (<i>i.e.</i> trip) by year: number of seals (<i>n</i>); total light profiles and locations at noon and concurrent chl-a; filtered^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113171#nt102" target="_blank">†</a>} light profiles and locations at noon and concurrent chl-a; number of 1° grid cell locations and concurrent <i>chl-a</i>.</p