Methodik

Die vegetationskundliche und strukturelle Zuordnung der Lebensraumtypen erfolgt nach der vorrangig von Braun-Blanquet entwickelten Vegetationsklassifizierung, einer hierarchischen Gliederung der Vegetationstypen (Syntaxonomie), die die Ebenen der Assoziation, des Verbandes, der Ordnung und der Klasse umfasst. Hierbei ist die Assoziation die grundlegende Einheit, in der die Pflanzengesellschaften zusammengefasst werden, die sich durch gleiche charakteristische Arten(gruppen)kombinationen auszeichnen. Der Verband vereinigt ähnliche Assoziationen. Das sind bereits umfassendere, jedoch standörtlich noch recht einheitliche Vegetationseinheiten. In Ordnungen werden ähnliche Verbände zusammengefasst. Die Klasse vereinigt ähnliche Ordnungen

Coleoptera (Käfer)

Der Breitrand ist gegenüber allen anderen Schwimmkäfern durch seine Größe (bis zu 44 mm) und seine seitlichen, tragflächenartigen Erweiterungen der Flügeldecken, die an eine Hutkrempe erinnern, zu unterscheiden. Der insgesamt auf der Oberseite braune Käfer hat einen gelb gerandeten Halsschild und auch die Flügeldecken tragen seitlich am Körperrand, bevor die lateralen Erweiterungen der Flügeldecke beginnen, einen gelben Streifen

Transition Metal Complexes of NHC Ligands Functionalized with the Cationic (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)(η6-phenyl)iron(II) Motif

Starting from [(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η6-phenyl)iron(II)]imidazole, dicationic imidazolium salts were prepared by N-alkylation. Reaction of these compounds with basic metal precursors such as mesityl copper(I) or palladium(II) acetate led to mono respectively dicationic transition metal NHC complexes (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene). Transmetalation using the copper(I) complexes opened up the access to NHC gold(I) compounds. PEPPSI-type NHC complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II) were prepared by offering a neutral pyridine ligand to the transition metal center. A rhodium(I) NHC complex was accessible by deprotonation of the dicationic imidazolium precursor and subsequent treatment with [(COD)Rh(μ2-Cl)]2 (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene). The new NHC complexes were investigated by means of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry as well as single crystal X-ray structure analysis. Both, the palladium(II) containing PEPPSI-type and the gold(I) complex, were investigated for their catalytic properties in typical model reactions such as cyclization reactions, Suzuki coupling and cyanation. In addition, a selenium adduct was synthesized in order to study the electronic properties of the underlying ligand backbone. Based on the chemical shift in the 77Se NMR spectrum, it is evident that these NHC ligands possess rather poor π-acidity

Nuns and Sisters in the Nordic Countries after the Reformation. A Female Counter-Culture in Modern Society.

Female religious communities, and later also convents, accompanied the return of the Roman Catholic Church to the Nordic countries in the middle of the nineteenth century. These religious communities were mostly so-called active orders or congregations, who helped in parishes or ran private schools, orphanages or nursing homes. In the 1930s there were nearly 1,400 Catholic sisters working in Scandinavia. At the same time, there was a growing interest for regulated religious life within the established Lutheran Churches, and small communities – mostly female – were founded. In Finland, there was an unbroken tradition of orthodox monasticism. Until recently, however, monasticism was rejected as "Catholic" and thereby foreign to Nordic national identity. Religious communities were regarded as a tool of Roman Catholic propaganda, especially insidious to Nordic women. According to the mainstream Nordic tradition at the time, women’s calling was to marry and bear children. The female religious communities thus represented not only an alternative form of life but also a counter-culture in the Lutheran Nordic society. In the present book, we meet this female counter-culture in its various forms and expressions. The articles focus partly on Nordic Christian women, Catholic converts as well as members of the established Lutheran churches who were attracted to regulated religious life, and partly on sisters in Catholic religious congregations working in the Nordic countries. A common trait is that these women, although in various ways, traversed contemporary social and religious boundaries. By studying a variety of female religious orders and congregations, the authors have highlighted the frequently tense relation between "Catholic" and "Nordic" values, between tradition and modernity, and between Nordic and foreign. The long time period studied allows for the making of diachronic comparisons and to record transitions and changes in attitude and behaviour

A Cyclometalated NHC Iridium Complex Bearing a Cationic (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)(η6-phenyl)iron Backbone

Nucleophilic substitution of [(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η6-chlorobenzene)iron(II)] hexafluorophosphate with sodium imidazolate resulted in the formation of [(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η6-phenyl)iron(II)]imidazole hexafluorophosphate. The corresponding dicationic imidazolium salt, which was obtained by treating this imidazole precursor with methyl iodide, underwent cyclometallation with bis[dichlorido(η5-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl]iridium(III) in the presence of triethyl amine. The resulting bimetallic iridium(III) complex is the first example of an NHC complex bearing a cationic and cyclometallated [(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η6-phenyl)iron(II)]+ substituent. As its iron(II) precursors, the bimetallic iridium(III) complex was fully characterized by means of spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, it was investigated in a catalytic study, wherein it showed high activity in transfer hydrogenation compared to its neutral analogue having a simple phenyl instead of a cationic [(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(η6-phenyl)iron(II)]+ unit at the NHC ligand