Developmental aspects of verbal and visual memory codes

The present study investigated the development of verbal and visual processes in short-term sequential memory for pictorial material. Different groups of Ss from Grades I, III, and V were given eight trials on a serial recognition task with Acoustically Dissimilar (AD), Acoustically Similar (AS), or Abstract (A), pictures. The AD pictures had distinctive-sounding names, the AS pictures had acoustically similar names and the A pictures were abstract reconstructions of the components of items from the first two lists. Each S was presented with five items from one of the three lists, one by one. After presentation S had to point to the pictures he had seen, in the order in which they had been presented, on a panel bearing the complete set. -- Performance was highest for list AD, followed by list AS and A respectively, and improved with increasing age on all lists. The difference between lists AD and AS within each grade was statistically reliable only for Grade III. List A was significantly different from list AS in any grade. A supplementary analysis of performance on list A alone, which included only those Ss who reported using no labelling strategies for these items, revealed that the Grade V Ss were not different from Grades I and III. These results, along with the results of serial position analyses, were interpreted as providing further support for the influence of both verbal and visual processes in picture memory

Uydu ve yersel veri entegrasyonu ile deprem sonrası arazi örtüsü/kullanımı analizi

The adverse effects of the earthquake of August 17, 1999 on the land use/land cover of the Kocaeli Province were analyzed through integration of  (NOAA, ERS, LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS) satellite data of varying spectral and spatial resolutions with ground data (geology, elevation, soil etc.). This study was carried out in two main stages. The first stage consisted of studies on the earth crust deformation, thermal abnormalities occurring before and after the earthquake, damages in the urban texture and changes in the coastline through analysis of satellite data before and after the earthquake. Earth crust deformations resulting after the earthquake were mapped by ERS-SAR data using SAR interferometry. NOAA-AVHRR satellite data acquired just before and after the earthquake were used to generate temperature maps of the sea and land surface to investigate the abnormalities before the earthquake. Damages in the urban centers and the coastline were assessed by analysis of SPOT and LANDSAT images. IRS data is used for the current land use/land cover map of the entire province. The second stage involved settlement suitability analysis by multi criteria evaluation methodology taking into account of the geologic formations of the Kocaeli Province, land cover, soil classes, slope, main transportation network and urbanization status and the results obtained were interpreted by the information generated through satellite images.Keywords: Earthquake, SAR interferometry, land cover/land use, remote sensing, geographical information system, multi-criteria evaluation method.17 Ağustos 1999 tarihinde meydana gelen depremin Kocaeli ili arazi örtüsü/arazi kullanımında yarattığı etkiler, farklı spektral ve mekânsal çözebilirlikli (NOAA, ERS, LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS) uydu verilerinin ve yersel verilerin (jeoloji, yükseklik, toprak vb.) entegrasyonu ile analiz edilmiştir. İlk aşamada, uydu verilerinin analizi ile, yerkabuğu deformasyonları, deprem öncesi ve sonrasındaki termal anomaliler, şehir dokusu ve kıyı çizgisindeki değişimler analiz edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada ise, Kocaeli ilindeki jeolojik formasyonlar, deformasyonlar, toprak sınıfları, eğim, ana ulaşım ağı ve yerleşim durumu dikkate alınarak çok kriterli değerlendirme yöntemi ile yerleşime uygunluk analizi yapılmış ve sonuçlar uydu verilerinden üretilen bilgiler ile yorumlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deprem, SAR interferometre, arazi örtüsü/arazi kullanımı, uzaktan algılama, coğrafi bilgi sistemi, çok kriterli değerlendirme yöntemi

Geometric accuracy assessment of stereo SPOT-5 HRG level 1A images using parametric approach considering satellite orbital parameters

Son yirmi yılda doğrusal dizi algılama teknolojisi sayesinde hava ve uzay bazlı görüntüleme sistemleri önemli ölçüde gelişmiş ve yer örnekleme aralığı 40 cm'ye kadar küçülmüştür. Böylece görüntüler yardımıyla konumsal uygulamaların gelişimi ve elde edilen konum doğruluğu da artmıştır. Bu makalede, öncelikle doğrusal dizi görüntüleme teknolojisi ve geometrik hataları hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmiş; sonra görüntü ve nesne (yer) koordinat sistemleri arasındaki geometrik ilişkiyi tanımlayan genel bir model tanımlanmıştır. Kullanılan görüntünün özellikleri göz önüne alınarak bu model değiştirilmiş ve basitleştirilmiştir. Dengeleme işlemi bilinmeyenli koşullu ölçüler dengelemesi ile ve ön ve demet dengeleme şeklinde iki aşamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bakış açılarının ve yörünge parametrelerinin doğruluğa etkisi analiz bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, Zonguldak ve çevresini kapsayan 5 m yer örnekleme aralığına sahip stereo SPOT-5 HRG düzey 1A görüntüleri kullanılmaktadır. Noktaların yer koordinatları bağıl statik GPS yöntemiyle ölçülmüştür. Tüm hesaplamalar ve grafik gösterimler MATLAB ortamında geliştirilen GeoSpot-1.0 yazılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüntülerin analizi sonucunda yüksek geometrik doğruluğa ulaşmada en önemli etkenin iç yöneltmeyi tanımlayan bakış açıları olduğu görülmüştür. Dış yöneltme elemanları sabit kabul edilerek bakış açıları her bir görüntü için ayrı ayrı düzeltilmiştir. Doğruluk değerleri kontrol noktalarında ±1 m'den daha iyi ve denetim noktalarında yaklaşık ±5 m düzeyinde bulunmuştur. Dış yöneltme elemanlarının doğruluğa etkisi iç yöneltme elemanlarına oranla önemsenmeyecek düzeydedir. Ancak dış yöneltme elemanları arası olası korelasyon doğruluğu oldukça düşürmektedir. Analiz, farklı dış yöneltme elemanı grupları ve nokta dağılımları için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Geometrik analiz, geometrik doğruluk, parametrik model, uydu yörünge bilgileri, SPOT-5, HRG, düzey 1 A, koşullu ölçüler dengelemesi, demet dengeleme.In the last two decades the imaging technology in aerial and space based missions grew up thanks to especially the imaging technology based on linear array sensors and reducing ground sampling distance. Now, high resolution space images with about 40 centimeter resolution are available. This improvement supports developments on geospatial applications of these images. Thus, the geometric accuracy increases thanks to the geometric resolution. This improvement causes that geometric correction process becomes more important now than in the past for this purpose. This article is focused on the geometric analysis of high resolution space images using parametric (rigorous) approaches ignoring non-parametric (deterministic) ones. Parametric approaches consider imaging geometry, orbital and attitude parameters of satellite, and define the real geometry between image and ground on contrary to the non-parametric ones. However parametric models are more complex and need many auxiliary coordinate systems defined between image and ground coordinate systems. The analyzed images are only one set of stereo SPOT-5 HRG level 1A images acquired by linear array sensors in 5 m ground sampling distance, because the required orbital information is available only with this image on hand. So this technology, linear array sensors, and its distortions are subjected. The generic model which establishes the geometric relationship between image and ground coordinate systems is defined at first (Weser et al., 2008). The required auxiliary coordinate systems between image and ground coordinate systems, i.e. scanline, camera, payload and orbital coordinate systems are defined. Then the modification and simplification to generic model are explained taking into account the characteristics of image used in this study (SPOT Image, 2002; Fotev et al., 2005). The modification is based on the interior orientation via defining the look angles for each element of CCD line. These look angles are the major dominant component on the geometric accuracy. And the simplification is based on the rotation from payload coordinate system to orbit coordinate system performed by the attitude angles. The ground coordinates and their accuracies are attained by adjustment process requiring both pre- and bundle adjustment stages. The adjustment is performed by the Gauss-Helmert model. The test field covers mainly Zonguldak and partly its neighbors, Bartın, Bolu and Karabük located in the Western Karadeniz Region of Turkey. The test field called Zonguldak test site comes into prominence with its mountainous topography. The mountainous areas are very important to analysis geometric accuracy of images since many images and the mathematical models give very accurate results on the flat areas on the contrary the mountainous areas. Specifications of SPOT-5 HRG level 1A image and auxiliary data are briefly presented. All computations were performed programming in the MATLAB environment developing GeoSpot-1.0. Many point sets are established including different distribution of ground control points (GCPs) and independent check points (ICPs). The GCPs are needed for the adjustment of look angles and the parameters where the ICPs are required for the checking of adjustment. 47 points in total are measured by the static GPS observation by the team from Department of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering in Zonguldak Karaelmas University. The points are obtained considering their homoge-nous distribution both on planimetry and height. The most important issue for the purpose of estimating the true ground coordinated via the stereo images is adjusting the interior orientation components, i.e. look angles to be corrected in the pre-adjustment process, in this thesis. However the effects of exterior orientation parameters on the accuracy evaluation have to be investigated estab-lishing various sets of them. The adjustment requires selection of suitable set of these parameters. The results of geometric analysis are presented with the help of graphical figures and the tables at the end of this thesis. The geometric accuracy achieved is about ±1 m (±0.2 pixel) for the GCPs and ±5m (±1 pixel) for the ICPs. The accuracies are in trend that mZ > mX > mY. This can be expected since the accuracy in Z direction is generally less than the planimetry (X and Y). The accuracy in Y axis is better than in X since the Y is related to the look angles which are the most dominant component on the accuracy. The accuracy of ICPs can be acceptable considering 1 pixel is the key unit of an image. Keywords: Geometric analysis, geometric accuracy, parametric model, satellite orbital parameter, SPOT-5, HRG, level 1A, Gauss-Helmert model, bundle adjustment

Foreword to the European journal of remote sensing special issue: urban remote sensing – challenges and solutions

This special issue features a collection of ten contributions focusing on urban remote sensing applications. This special issue reflects the thematic diversity and variety of urban remote sensing applications and underlines the importance of this research field. Based on the 5th EARSeL Joint Workshop “Urban Remote Sensing – Challenges & Solutions” held in Bochum, Germany in 2018 the participants were invited to contribute to this special issue. The EARSeL Joint Workshop is a new format that was first initiated in 2006 in Berlin, Germany. Further EARSeL Joint Workshops followed in 2008 in Bochum, Germany, 2010 in Ghent, Belgium, 2012 in Mykonos, Greece and 2014 in Warsaw, Poland. The composition of the participating EARSeL Special Interest Groups varied from workshop to workshop. For 2018 the EARSeL Special Interest Groups Urban Remote Sensing, 3D Remote Sensing, Developing Countries and Radar Remote Sensing agreed to organize this workshop together. High resolution data are a valuable source for urban and suburban areas and can deliver information in high geometric and semantic quality for various cities and urban agglomerations around the world. Due to accelerating urban sprawl and increasing urban population more and more topics arise where remote sensing is able to support planning and other public duties. It also helps to analyse unplanned developments, investigate climate change drivers and can help in risk mitigation plans. For these topics satellite images with very high resolution (VHR) are of great importance. Since 1999 with the first commercial VHR satellites more and more sensor systems came into orbit and offer a wide variety of different image options. Information extraction can be done in 2D and also in 3D. Parallel to the VHR imagery one also observes studies over large areas with rather coarse pixel sizes. The selection of imagery obviously is connected to the scale of the problem under investigation. This is a traditional geographic approach to select the needed data according to the needed scale

Land Use Dynamics of the Fast-Growing Shanghai Metropolis, China (1979–2008) and its Implications for Land Use and Urban Planning Policy

Through the integrated approach of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, four Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery acquired during 1979 and 2008 were used to quantitatively characterize the patterns of land use and land cover change (LULC) and urban sprawl in the fast-growing Shanghai Metropolis, China. Results showed that, the urban/built-up area grew on average by 4,242.06 ha yr−1. Bare land grew by 1,594.66 ha yr−1 on average. In contrast, cropland decreased by 3,286.26 ha yr−1 on average, followed by forest and shrub, water, and tidal land, which decreased by 1,331.33 ha yr−1, 903.43 ha yr−1, and 315.72 ha yr−1 on average, respectively. As a result, during 1979 and 2008 approximately 83.83% of the newly urban/built-up land was converted from cropland (67.35%), forest and shrub (9.12%), water (4.80%), and tidal land (2.19%). Another significant change was the continuous increase in regular residents, which played a very important role in contributing to local population growth and increase in urban/built-up land. This can be explained with this city’s huge demand for investment and qualified labor since the latest industrial transformation. Moreover, with a decrease in cropland, the proportion of population engaged in farming decreased 13.84%. Therefore, significant socio-economic transformation occurred, and this would lead to new demand for land resources. However, due to very scarce land resources and overload of population in Shanghai, the drive to achieve economic goals at the loss of cropland, water, and the other lands is not sustainable. Future urban planning policy aiming at ensuring a win-win balance between sustainable land use and economic growth is urgently needed

Movement and habitat use of headstarted Blanding’s turtles in Michigan

Captive breeding or headstarting is a management option to increase population numbers in threatened and endangered animals. The success of these programs depends on increasing population numbers while maintaining fitness within populations that contain some captiveâ reared individuals. As part of an ongoing conservation project with Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR) in Saginaw, Michigan, USA, the Detroit Zoological Society (DZS) headstarted Blanding’s turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) to 18 months of age. To determine survival, movements, and habitat use of these headstarted Blanding’s turtles, we externally attached radioâ transmitters to 24 turtles and released them at 4 sites in release groups of 6 along a transect in a wetland within SNWR during June 2014. We located turtles weekly during the active season (Mayâ Sep) and every 2 weeks during the inactive season (Octâ Apr) for 18 months, starting immediately after release and ending November 2015. We calculated straightâ line distances between release sites and home range centers over the study period. We examined habitat use of the turtles in relation to habitat availability. To predict movement of headstarted Blanding’s turtles away from release sites, we used geographically weighted regression (GWR) with measured habitat factors and release sites as independent variables. There were differences in home range sizes across release groups but not between years. Headstarted juvenile Blanding’s turtles in this study have home range sizes similar to those measured in other studies for wildâ hatched juveniles but smaller home ranges than those measured for wildâ hatched adults. Our study showed that headstarted Blanding’s turtles used habitats with muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) dens and cattails (Typha spp.) more than proportionally available, and used open water, willows (Salix spp.), and lowland forest less than proportionally available. The GWR model was able to predict habitat characteristics (water depth and temperature, duckweed [Lemna minor], cattails, muskrat dens and fields, buttonbush [Cephalanthus occidentalis]) that influenced the movement of turtles away from the release sites. The habitat coefficient’s influence on movement varied in relation to the current location of the turtle and as habitat characteristics increased or decreased. Turtle distance from release sites decreased as water depth, water temperature, and duckweed increased, and increased as cattails, muskrat dens and fields, and buttonbush increased. Habitat in the small spatial extent at release sites may affect movement of headstarted Blanding’s turtles. Furthermore, this study uses novel methodologies for assessing headstart programs that can aid future conservation and management efforts by providing information on habitat use and movement patterns of headstarted Blanding’s turtles after release. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.We aimed to determine survival, movements, habitat use in relation to availability, and impact of release sites on 18â monthâ old headstarted Blanding’s turtles by releasing them at 4 different sites in Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge. We showed high survival of the headstarted Blanding’s turtles, reported differences in home range size across release groups, and used geographically weighted regression to explain how turtle distance from release sites varies by measured habitat characteristics; we concluded that habitat characteristics in the small spatial extent at release sites affect movement and space use of headstarted Blanding’s turtles.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145553/1/jwmg21530.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145553/2/jwmg21530_am.pd

TÜRKİYE SİNEMASININ CEZAEVLERİ

The history of prisons in Turkey reflects the history of Turkey itself. Representations of prisons and themes of imprisonment in Turkish cinema offer a spectrum of this very history. This Article begins with Foucault’s “dispositive” and “episteme” concepts and goes on to discuss the change in prisons over time and how these changes become a theme in cinema. It is thought that fantastic historical movies with dungeon scenes can be treated as an “archaeological field” of prison-themed cinema. The choice of the word “penitentiary” over “jail” by those in political power also highlights a change in the perception of prisons in society and a change in official policies towards prisons. The Article’s framework is based on the periodical changes in Turkish cinema’s view and discussed in terms of the 1940’s prisons, post 12th of May 1970 prisons, 12th of September 1980 prisons, and the F-Type prisons of the 2000s. Profiles of prisoners shown in cinema, conditions of political prisoners, abuses in prisons, pressures on prisoners, and torture are some of the main topics in this Article. The movies that use prisons as a theme or reflect prisoners’ lives in context of the era’s episteme and the movies that take cinema’s prison dispositive while being simultaneously a component of that dispositive contribute to the idea of an art formTürkiye cezaevlerinin tarihi Türkiye'nin de tarihidir. Türkiye sinemasının cezaevinde geçen veya cezaevi temasını kullanan filmleri de bu tarihten kesitler içerir. Makalenin çıkış noktasını, Foucault'nun "dispositif" ve "episteme" kavramları ışığında, süreç içinde cezaevlerinde yaşanan değişimlerin sinemaya nasıl yansıdığını gösteren bir izlek sunulabileceği tezi oluşturmaktadır. Zindan betimlemeleri içeren fantastik tarihi filmlerin, cezaevlerinin sinemadaki "arkeolojik alanı" olarak incelenebileceği düşünülmüştür. Günümüze uzanan süreçte "hapishane" kelimesinin yanı sıra ağırlıklı olarak "cezaevi" kelimesinin kullanımı da siyasi erkin cezaevine yönelik politikalarının ve toplumdaki cezaevi algısının değişimiyle ilişkilidir. Makalede, Türkiye sinemasının cezaevlerine bakışı, bu değişimi gösteren bir dönemselleştirmeyle; 1940'ların hapishaneleri, 12 Mart 1970 sonrası cezaevlerinde yaşanan değişim, 12 Eylül 1980 sonrasının cezaevleri ve 2000'li yılların F Tipi Cezaevleri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Sinemada mahkûm profilleri, siyasi mahkûmların hapishane koşulları, hapishanedeki sömürü ilişkileri, mahkûmlar üzerindeki baskılar ve işkence incelenen başlıca konulardır. Hapishanede geçen veya hapishane temasını kullanan filmler çekildikleri dönemin epistemesi içinden okunurken, sinemanın hapishane dispositifinden yararlanan, dispositifi kullanan ve aynı zamanda bu dispositifin unsurlarından olan bir sanat olduğu düşüncesinden hareket edilmişti