96 research outputs found
Devenir des micropolluants prioritaires et émergents dans les filiÚres conventionnelles de traitement des eaux résiduaires urbaines des grosses collectivités (files eau et boues), et au cours du traitement tertiaire au charbon actif
This PhD was performed within the OPUR (Observatory of URban Pollution) research program, in collaboration with the Research and Development Department of the Parisian public sanitation service (SIAAP). This work deals with the removal of priority and emerging micropollutants by the conventional wastewater treatments, as well as tertiary treatment by activated carbon. A part of this work is also dedicated to the sludge contamination by priority and emerging substances and their fate during sludge treatment.The first chapter is dedicated to the conventional primary and biological treatments. Hence, removals of a wide range of priority and emerging micropollutants were assessed for primary settling, physico-chemical lamellar settling, low load activated sludge process and biofiltration. Hydrophobic compounds and metals, as well as volatile organic compounds and biodegradable pollutants are rather well eliminated by these treatments. Moreover, considering removals normalized with nitrogen removals, the physico-chemical lamellar settling + biofiltration wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is as efficient as the primary settling + low load activated sludge WWTP, despite its lower hydraulic retention time and its higher compactness. As a complement, the analysis in 3 WWTP effluents from SIAAP of 55 pharmaceuticals and hormones (PPHs) and 6 other emerging pollutants allowed characterizing the contamination of these discharges, and highlighting the high occurrence of 14 compounds at concentrations above 100 ng/L.In the second chapter, the contamination by micropollutants of different types of Parisian sewage sludges was assessed, as well as their fate during sludge treatments. Various compounds, such as alkylphenols, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), metals, organotins, phthalates, polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated acids (PFAs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PPHs, were quantified in raw, centrifuged, digested, thermally dried sludges and sludge cakes (cooking + press-filtering). Some of them (LAS, metals, PCBs) are not eliminated or less than dry matter by sludge treatments resulting in a content increase, while others (alkylphenols, organotins, PBDEs, PPHs, PFAs) are more removed than dry matter by anaerobic digestion and thermal drying. Overall, anaerobic digestion is the most efficient sludge process. Finally, the detection of several pollutants in the centrifuged and condensed waters from centrifugation and thermal drying indicates that a transfer is occurring and that biodegradation and volatilization are not the only mechanism to be involved in micropollutant removal from sludge. The last chapter aimed at investigating the performance of a large scale pilot operating with powdered (PAC) or micro-grain activated carbon (”GAC), during 32 campaigns. Results showed that most of PPHs, alkylphenols, artificial sweeteners, parabens and pesticides are efficiently removed (> 80%) by activated carbon in fluidized bed at moderate doses (10-20 g/m3). Furthermore, the activated carbon dose has a great influence on performances, whether with PAC or ”GAC. Then, ”GAC has several operational advantages (reactivability, ease of operation, high solid retention time, no need for coagulant/flocculant addition to handle the fluidized bed) over the PAC together with similar performances at a similar fresh ”GAC dose (20 g”GAC/m3 â 20 gPAC/m3). In addition this type of process allows an improvement of the conventional wastewater quality parameters, especially ”GAC which retains total suspended solids and eliminates totally nitrites. Finally, a correlation between micropollutant and UV-254 removals has been confirmed, suggesting that this parameter could be used as a performances indicator. The complementary laboratory scale experiments performed within this chapter allowed understanding better the PAC adsorption mechanism in wastewater. The correlation between the specific surface, the bulk density of the PAC and PPHs removal has been displayed, as well as the importance of the fresh PAC dose and the contact time. Moreover, the positive effect of FeCl3 and negative influence of the quantity and quality of organic matter on micropollutant adsorption have been observed.Les travaux effectuĂ©s au cours de ce doctorat, en collaboration Ă©troite avec la Direction du DĂ©veloppement et de la Prospective (DDP) du Syndicat InterdĂ©partemental pour lâAssainissement de lâAgglomĂ©ration Parisienne (SIAAP), sâinscrivent dans le cadre de la phase 4 du programme OPUR (Observatoire des Polluants Urbains) et sâintĂ©ressent Ă lâĂ©limination des micropolluants prioritaires et Ă©mergents au sein des filiĂšres conventionnelles de traitement des eaux, et Ă©galement au traitement tertiaire par charbon actif. Une partie de ce travail est Ă©galement dĂ©diĂ©e Ă la contamination des boues rĂ©siduaires urbaines par les micropolluants Ă©mergents et Ă leur devenir au cours de leur traitement. Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit est dĂ©diĂ© aux traitements primaires et biologiques conventionnels. Ainsi, les abattements de nombreux polluants prioritaires et Ă©mergents ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s pour la dĂ©cantation, la dĂ©cantation physico-chimique lamellaire, les boues activĂ©es faible charge et la biofiltration. Les composĂ©s hydrophobes et les mĂ©taux, les composĂ©s organiques volatils et les molĂ©cules biodĂ©gradables sont plutĂŽt bien Ă©liminĂ©s par ces filiĂšres. La normalisation des abattements Ă celui de lâazote a permis de dĂ©montrer que la filiĂšre dĂ©cantation physico-chimique lamellaire + biofiltration a une efficacitĂ© comparable Ă la filiĂšre dĂ©cantation + boues activĂ©es, bien que plus compacte et opĂ©rant avec un temps de sĂ©jour hydraulique plus faible. En complĂ©ment, lâanalyse dans trois effluents de STEP du SIAAP de 55 rĂ©sidus pharmaceutiques et hormones (PPHs), et de 6 autres polluants Ă©mergents, a permis de caractĂ©riser finement la contamination de ces rejets par ces composĂ©s, et de montrer la forte frĂ©quence de dĂ©tection Ă des concentrations supĂ©rieures Ă 100 ng/L de 14 composĂ©s.Dans le second chapitre, la prĂ©sence des micropolluants dans les boues rĂ©siduaires urbaines et leur Ă©volution au sein des filiĂšres de traitement des boues ont Ă©tĂ© investiguĂ©es. Les campagnes menĂ©es ont permis de fournir des donnĂ©es sur cinq types de boues, dont les boues brutes, centrifugĂ©es, digĂ©rĂ©es, sĂ©chĂ©es et les cakes de boues, et sur quatre procĂ©dĂ©s de traitement des boues communĂ©ment utilisĂ©s en France (centrifugation, digestion anaĂ©robie, sĂ©chage thermique et cuisson + filtration presse). De nombreux composĂ©s, dont les alkylbenzene sulfonates linĂ©aires (LAS), alkylphĂ©nols, hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, mĂ©taux, organoĂ©tains, polybromobyphĂ©nylĂ©thers, polychlorobiphĂ©nyles (PCBs), phtalates et PPHs, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s dans ces boues et ce Ă des niveaux de concentrations variant du ”g/kg MS (matiĂšre sĂšche) au g/kg MS. Certains polluants, comme les LAS, mĂ©taux ou PCBs, ne sont pas du tout Ă©liminĂ©s au cours des traitements des boues, entrainant une augmentation de leur teneur, alors que dâautres, tels que les alkylphĂ©nols ou les PPHs, sont abattus partiellement par digestion et sĂ©chage thermique. La digestion anaĂ©robie est le procĂ©dĂ© qui permet la meilleure Ă©limination de ces composĂ©s. Enfin, la prĂ©sence de plusieurs composĂ©s dans les centrats et condensats indique quâun transfert a lieu et que la biodĂ©gradation et la volatilisation ne sont pas les seuls mĂ©canismes dâĂ©limination.Enfin, le dernier chapitre dĂ©crit les performances dâun pilote de traitement tertiaire, fonctionnant avec du charbon actif en poudre (CAP) ou en micro-grain (CA”G), Ă lâĂ©chelle industrielle, au cours de 32 campagnes de mesure. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la plupart des PPHs, alkylphĂ©nols, Ă©dulcorants, pesticides et parabĂšnes pouvaient ĂȘtre abattus efficacement (> 80%) par du charbon actif en lit fluidisĂ©, Ă des doses limitĂ©es de charbon (10-20 g/m3). Par ailleurs, la dose de charbon influence fortement les performances, que ce soit avec du CAP ou du CA”G. Le CA”G permet dâobtenir des abattements en PPHs comparables au CAP Ă une mĂȘme dose (10 ou 20 gCA”G/m3), mĂȘme si certains composĂ©s sont lĂ©gĂšrement mieux abattus (5-15%) avec le CAP, probablement par lâaction du FeCl3. Cependant, le CA”G a plusieurs avantages opĂ©rationnels par rapport au CAP. En particulier, le CA”G est rĂ©activable, facile Ă utiliser, il fonctionne Ă des temps de sĂ©jour Ă©levĂ©s favorisant le dĂ©veloppement dâune activitĂ© biologique et sans ajout de coagulant/flocculant pour maintenir le lit de charbon. Par ailleurs, ce type de procĂ©dĂ© permet lâaffinage du traitement des paramĂštres globaux de qualitĂ© des eaux, notamment le CA”G qui retient les MES et Ă©limine totalement les nitrites. Enfin, la corrĂ©lation entre performances du procĂ©dĂ© et abattement de lâabsorbance UV Ă 254 nm a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie, indiquant que ce paramĂštre pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme indicateur de performance. La mise en place dâexpĂ©riences complĂ©mentaires en laboratoire a permis de mieux apprĂ©hender le processus de sorption sur le CAP. Le lien Ă©troit entre surface spĂ©cifique, densitĂ© apparente du CAP et abattement des PPHs a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©, ainsi que lâimportance de la dose de CAP et du temps de contact. De plus, lâimpact positif du FeCl3, et lâinfluence nĂ©gative de la quantitĂ© et de la qualitĂ© de la matiĂšre organique ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s.Cette thĂšse, qui aborde les problĂ©matiques liĂ©es aux micropolluants sous lâangle de la STEP, a des retombĂ©es opĂ©rationnelles Ă©videntes, que ce soit sur la file eau ou boues. Les donnĂ©es et conclusions mises en Ă©vidence par ce travail contribueront, Ă leur Ă©chelle, Ă la meilleure comprĂ©hension des micropolluants en STEP et Ă lâamĂ©lioration de leur traitement. En ce sens, lâutilitĂ© de ce type de travail ne se limite pas Ă la communautĂ© scientifique mais sâĂ©tend aux gestionnaires et opĂ©rationnels dans le domaine de lâeau
AerSett v1.0: A simple and straightforward model for the settling speed of big spherical atmospheric aerosol
This study introduces AerSett v1.0 (AERosol SETTling version 1.0), a model giving the settling speed of big spherical aerosols in the atmosphere without going through an iterative equation resolution. We prove that, for all spherical atmospheric aerosols with diameter D up to 1000 µm, this direct and explicit method based on the drag coefficient formulation of Clift and Gauvin (1971) gives results within 2 % of the exact solution obtained from numerical resolution of a non-linear fixed-point equation. This error is acceptable considering the uncertainties on the drag coefficient formulations themselves. For D < 100 µm, the error is below 0.5 %. We hope that with this simple and straightforward model, more Chemistry-Tranport models and General Circulation models will be able to take into account large-particle correction to the settling speed of big spherical aerosol particles in the atmosphere, without performing an iterative and time-consuming calculation.</p
Biofiltration vs conventional activated sludge plants: what about priority and emerging pollutants removal?
International audience: This paper compares the removal performances of two complete wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for all priority substances listed in the Water Framework Directive and additional compounds of interest including flame retardants, surfactants, pesticides, and personal care products (PCPs) (nâ=â104). First, primary treatments such as physicochemical lamellar settling (PCLS) and primary settling (PS) are compared. Similarly, biofiltration (BF) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) are then examined. Finally, the removal efficiency per unit of nitrogen removed of both WWTPs for micropollutants is discussed, as nitrogenous pollution treatment results in a special design of processes and operational conditions. For primary treatments, hydrophobic pollutants (log K owâ>â4) are well removed (>70Â %) for both systems despite high variations of removal. PCLS allows an obvious gain of about 20Â % regarding pollutant removals, as a result of better suspended solids elimination and possible coagulant impact on soluble compounds. For biological treatments, variations of removal are much weaker, and the majority of pollutants are comparably removed within both systems. Hydrophobic and volatile compounds are well (>60Â %) or very well removed (>80Â %) by sorption and volatilization. Some readily biodegradable molecules are better removed by CAS, indicating a better biodegradation. A better sorption of pollutants on activated sludge could be also expected considering the differences of characteristics between a biofilm and flocs. Finally, comparison of global processes efficiency using removals of micropollutants load normalized to nitrogen shows that PCLSâ+âBF is as efficient as PSâ+âCAS despite a higher compactness and a shorter hydraulic retention time (HRT). Only some groups of pollutants seem better removed by PSâ+âCAS like alkylphenols, flame retardants, or di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), thanks to better biodegradation and sorption resulting from HRT and biomass characteristics. For both processes, and out of the 68 molecules found in raw water, only half of them are still detected in the water discharged, most of the time close to their detection limit. However, some of them are detected at higher concentrations (>1Â ÎŒg/L and/or lower than environmental quality standards), which is problematic as they represent a threat for aquatic environment
Removal of emerging micropollutants from wastewater discharges by powdered and micro-grain activated carbon - Progress of the CarboPlusÂź project
International audienceThe implementation of a tertiary treatment in conventional wastewater treatment plants is more and more considered by managers to reduce the emerging contaminant discharges into the aquatic environment. In this context, a collaboration between the public sanitation service of Paris conurbation and the Water Environment and Urban Systems laboratory has been initiated since 2013 to study at large scale a pilot (CarboPlusŸ - SAUR/STEREAU) based on a high concentration fluidized bed activated carbon reactor (>100 kg/m3) with continuous fresh activated carbon injection. The objectives of this project are to i) characterize the efficiency of the process for emerging pollutants for powdered (PAC) and micro-grain (”GAC) activated carbons, ii) characterize the parameters influencing the sorption mechanism (organic matter, operating parameters, activated carbon structure and properties, etc.) and iii) identify the eventual improvements of the conventional quality parameters.In addition to the 14 campaigns already performed in 2013 in PAC configuration, 14 campaigns have been planed in 2014 (8 already performed) to study the fate of 131 micropollutants, including 61 pharmaceuticals and hormones and 70 other emerging pollutants, in addition to conventional wastewater parameters. This presentation aims at displaying the pilot efficiency in ”GAC configuration and comparing it to the PAC configuration. The use of ”GAC instead of PAC has several operational and economical advantages, but this new type of carbon was never tested with wastewater. Based on the first 8 campaigns, the results tend to indicate that the pilot is as efficient with ”GAC than with PAC. In particular, ketoprofen, paracetamol, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, roxithromycin, atenolol, propranolol, carbamazepine, oxazepam, lorazepam and estrone have removals higher than 80% in average. In addition, first results on the other emerging micropollutants show high or very high removals for pesticides (60-95%), bisphenol A (60-90%), alkylphenols (60-95%), PFOS (75-95%) and X-ray contrast agents (50-70%). Moreover, the high solid retention time (60-90 days) of the ”GAC leads to a biological activity within the reactor, as displayed by NO2- (65-99%) and NH4+ (20-70%) removals. However, the results are still partial at this stage of the project, another ”GAC dose is currently tested on the pilot and complementary lab-scale tests are still performed to better understand the sorption mechanism
Assessment of the sensitivity of model responses to urban emission changes in support of emission reduction strategies
© 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/The sensitivity of air quality model responses to modifications in input data (e.g. emissions, meteorology and boundary conditions) or model configurations is recognized as an important issue for air quality modelling applications in support of air quality plans. In the framework of FAIRMODE (Forum of Air Quality Modelling in Europe, https://fairmode.jrc.ec.europa.eu/) a dedicated air quality modelling exercise has been designed to address this issue. The main goal was to evaluate the magnitude and variability of air quality model responses when studying emission scenarios/projections by assessing the changes of model output in response to emission changes. This work is based on several air quality models that are used to support model users and developers, and, consequently, policy makers. We present the FAIRMODE exercise and the participating models, and provide an analysis of the variability of O3 and PM concentrations due to emission reduction scenarios. The key novel feature, in comparison with other exercises, is that emission reduction strategies in the present work are applied and evaluated at urban scale over a large number of cities using new indicators such as the absolute potential, the relative potential and the absolute potency. The results show that there is a larger variability of concentration changes between models, when the emission reduction scenarios are applied, than for their respective baseline absolute concentrations. For ozone, the variability between models of absolute baseline concentrations is below 10%, while the variability of concentration changes (when emissions are similarly perturbed) exceeds, in some instances 100% or higher during episodes. Combined emission reductions are usually more efficient than the sum of single precursor emission reductions both for O3 and PM. In particular for ozone, model responses, in terms of linearity and additivity, show a clear impact of non-linear chemistry processes. This analysis gives an insight into the impact of modelâ sensitivity to emission reductions that may be considered when designing air quality plans and paves the way of more in-depth analysis to disentangle the role of emissions from model formulation for present and future air quality assessments.Peer reviewe
Devenir des micropolluants prioritaires et émergents dans les filiÚres conventionnelles de traitement des eaux résiduaires urbaines (files eau et boues), et au cours du traitement tertiaire par charbon actif
The first chapter is dedicated to the conventional primary and biological treatments. Hence, removals of a wide range of priority and emerging micropollutants were assessed for primary settling, physico-chemical lamellar settling, low load activated sludge process and biofiltration. Hydrophobic compounds and metals, as well as volatile organic compounds and biodegradable pollutants are rather well eliminated by these treatments. Moreover, considering removals normalized with nitrogen removals, the physico-chemical lamellar settling + biofiltration wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is as efficient as the primary settling + low load activated sludge WWTP, despite its lower hydraulic retention time and its higher compactness. As a complement, the analysis in 3 WWTP effluents from SIAAP of 55 pharmaceuticals and hormones (PPHs) and 6 other emerging pollutants allowed characterizing the contamination of these discharges, and highlighting the high occurrence of 14 compounds at concentrations above 100 ng/L. In the second chapter, the contamination by micropollutants of different types of Parisian sewage sludges was assessed, as well as their fate during sludge treatments. Various compounds, such as alkylphenols, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), metals, organotins, phthalates, polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated acids (PFAs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PPHs, were quantified in raw, centrifuged, digested, thermally dried sludges and sludge cakes (cooking + press-filtering). Some of them (LAS, metals, PCBs) are not eliminated or less than dry matter by sludge treatments resulting in a content increase, while others (alkylphenols, organotins, PBDEs, PPHs, PFAs) are more removed than dry matter by anaerobic digestion and thermal drying. Overall, anaerobic digestion is the most efficient sludge process. Finally, the detection of several pollutants in the centrifuged and condensed waters from centrifugation and thermal drying indicates that a transfer is occurring and that biodegradation and volatilization are not the only mechanism to be involved in micropollutant removal from sludge. The last chapter aimed at investigating the performance of a large scale pilot operating with powdered (PAC) or micro-grain activated carbon (”GAC), during 32 campaigns. Results showed that most of PPHs, alkylphenols, artificial sweeteners, parabens and pesticides are efficiently removed (> 80%) by activated carbon in fluidized bed at moderate doses (10-20 g/m3). Furthermore, the activated carbon dose has a great influence on performances, whether with PAC or ”GAC. Then, ”GAC has several operational advantages (reactivability, ease of operation, high solid retention time, no need for coagulant/flocculant addition to handle the fluidized bed) over the PAC together with similar performances at a similar fresh ”GAC dose (20 g”GAC/m3 â 20 gPAC/m3). In addition this type of process allows an improvement of the conventional wastewater quality parameters, especially ”GAC which retains total suspended solids and eliminates totally nitrites. Finally, a correlation between micropollutant and UV-254 removals has been confirmed, suggesting that this parameter could be used as a performances indicator. The complementary laboratory scale experiments performed within this chapter allowed understanding better the PAC adsorption mechanism in wastewater. The correlation between the specific surface, the bulk density of the PAC and PPHs removal has been displayed, as well as the importance of the fresh PAC dose and the contact time. Moreover, the positive effect of FeCl3 and negative influence of the quantity and quality of organic matter on micropollutant adsorption have been observedLe premier chapitre de ce manuscrit est dĂ©diĂ© aux traitements primaires et biologiques conventionnels. Les abattements de nombreux polluants prioritaires et Ă©mergents ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s pour la dĂ©cantation, la dĂ©cantation physico-chimique lamellaire, les boues activĂ©es faible charge et la biofiltration. Les composĂ©s hydrophobes et les mĂ©taux, les composĂ©s organiques volatils et les molĂ©cules biodĂ©gradables sont plutĂŽt bien Ă©liminĂ©s par ces filiĂšres. La normalisation des abattements Ă celui de l'azote a permis de dĂ©montrer que la filiĂšre dĂ©cantation physico-chimique lamellaire + biofiltration a une efficacitĂ© comparable Ă la filiĂšre dĂ©cantation + boues activĂ©es, bien que plus compacte et opĂ©rant avec un temps de sĂ©jour hydraulique plus faible. En complĂ©ment, l'analyse dans trois effluents de STEP du SIAAP de 55 rĂ©sidus pharmaceutiques et hormones (PPHs), et de 6 autres polluants Ă©mergents, a permis de caractĂ©riser finement la contamination de ces rejets par ces composĂ©s, et de montrer la forte frĂ©quence de dĂ©tection Ă des concentrations supĂ©rieures Ă 100 ng/L de 14 composĂ©s. Dans le second chapitre, les campagnes menĂ©es ont permis de fournir des donnĂ©es sur cinq types de boues, dont les boues brutes, centrifugĂ©es, digĂ©rĂ©es, sĂ©chĂ©es et les cakes de boues, et sur quatre procĂ©dĂ©s de traitement des boues communĂ©ment utilisĂ©s en France (centrifugation, digestion anaĂ©robie, sĂ©chage thermique et cuisson + filtration presse). De nombreux composĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s dans ces boues et ce Ă des niveaux de concentrations variant du ”g/kg MS (matiĂšre sĂšche) au g/kg MS. Certains polluants, comme les LAS, mĂ©taux ou PCBs, ne sont pas du tout Ă©liminĂ©s au cours des traitements des boues, entrainant une augmentation de leur teneur, alors que d'autres, tels que les alkylphĂ©nols ou les PPHs, sont abattus partiellement par digestion et sĂ©chage thermique. La digestion anaĂ©robie est le procĂ©dĂ© qui permet la meilleure Ă©limination de ces composĂ©s. La prĂ©sence de plusieurs composĂ©s dans les centrats et condensats indique qu'un transfert a lieu et que la biodĂ©gradation et la volatilisation ne sont pas les seuls mĂ©canismes d'Ă©limination. Le dernier chapitre dĂ©crit les performances d'un pilote de traitement tertiaire, fonctionnant avec du charbon actif en poudre (CAP) ou en micro-grain (CA”G), Ă l'Ă©chelle industrielle, au cours de 32 campagnes de mesure. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la plupart des PPHs, alkylphĂ©nols, Ă©dulcorants, pesticides et parabĂšnes pouvaient ĂȘtre abattus efficacement (> 80%) par du charbon actif en lit fluidisĂ©, Ă des doses limitĂ©es de charbon (10-20 g/m3). La dose de charbon influence fortement les performances, que ce soit avec du CAP ou du CA”G. Le CA”G permet d'obtenir des abattements en PPHs comparables au CAP Ă une mĂȘme dose (10 ou 20 gCA”G/m3), mĂȘme si certains composĂ©s sont lĂ©gĂšrement mieux abattus (5-15%) avec le CAP, probablement par l'action du FeCl3. Cependant, le CA”G a plusieurs avantages opĂ©rationnels par rapport au CAP. En particulier, le CA”G est rĂ©activable, facile Ă utiliser, il fonctionne Ă des temps de sĂ©jour Ă©levĂ©s favorisant le dĂ©veloppement d'une activitĂ© biologique et sans ajout de coagulant/flocculant pour maintenir le lit de charbon. Par ailleurs, ce type de procĂ©dĂ© permet l'affinage du traitement des paramĂštres globaux de qualitĂ© des eaux, notamment le CA”G qui retient les MES et Ă©limine totalement les nitrites. La corrĂ©lation entre performances du procĂ©dĂ© et abattement de l'absorbance UV Ă 254 nm a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie, indiquant que ce paramĂštre pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme indicateur de performance. La mise en place d'expĂ©riences complĂ©mentaires en laboratoire a permis de mieux apprĂ©hender le processus de sorption sur le CAP. Le lien Ă©troit entre surface spĂ©cifique, densitĂ© apparente du CAP et abattement des PPHs a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©, ainsi que l'importance de la dose de CAP et du temps de contact. L'impact positif du FeCl3, et l'influence nĂ©gative de la quantitĂ© et de la qualitĂ© de la matiĂšre organique ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©
Removal of priority and emerging micropollutants in the conventionnal wastewater treatments (water and sludge), and during the tertiary treatment by activated carbon
Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit est dĂ©diĂ© aux traitements primaires et biologiques conventionnels. Les abattements de nombreux polluants prioritaires et Ă©mergents ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s pour la dĂ©cantation, la dĂ©cantation physico-chimique lamellaire, les boues activĂ©es faible charge et la biofiltration. Les composĂ©s hydrophobes et les mĂ©taux, les composĂ©s organiques volatils et les molĂ©cules biodĂ©gradables sont plutĂŽt bien Ă©liminĂ©s par ces filiĂšres. La normalisation des abattements Ă celui de l'azote a permis de dĂ©montrer que la filiĂšre dĂ©cantation physico-chimique lamellaire + biofiltration a une efficacitĂ© comparable Ă la filiĂšre dĂ©cantation + boues activĂ©es, bien que plus compacte et opĂ©rant avec un temps de sĂ©jour hydraulique plus faible. En complĂ©ment, l'analyse dans trois effluents de STEP du SIAAP de 55 rĂ©sidus pharmaceutiques et hormones (PPHs), et de 6 autres polluants Ă©mergents, a permis de caractĂ©riser finement la contamination de ces rejets par ces composĂ©s, et de montrer la forte frĂ©quence de dĂ©tection Ă des concentrations supĂ©rieures Ă 100 ng/L de 14 composĂ©s. Dans le second chapitre, les campagnes menĂ©es ont permis de fournir des donnĂ©es sur cinq types de boues, dont les boues brutes, centrifugĂ©es, digĂ©rĂ©es, sĂ©chĂ©es et les cakes de boues, et sur quatre procĂ©dĂ©s de traitement des boues communĂ©ment utilisĂ©s en France (centrifugation, digestion anaĂ©robie, sĂ©chage thermique et cuisson + filtration presse). De nombreux composĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©s dans ces boues et ce Ă des niveaux de concentrations variant du ”g/kg MS (matiĂšre sĂšche) au g/kg MS. Certains polluants, comme les LAS, mĂ©taux ou PCBs, ne sont pas du tout Ă©liminĂ©s au cours des traitements des boues, entrainant une augmentation de leur teneur, alors que d'autres, tels que les alkylphĂ©nols ou les PPHs, sont abattus partiellement par digestion et sĂ©chage thermique. La digestion anaĂ©robie est le procĂ©dĂ© qui permet la meilleure Ă©limination de ces composĂ©s. La prĂ©sence de plusieurs composĂ©s dans les centrats et condensats indique qu'un transfert a lieu et que la biodĂ©gradation et la volatilisation ne sont pas les seuls mĂ©canismes d'Ă©limination. Le dernier chapitre dĂ©crit les performances d'un pilote de traitement tertiaire, fonctionnant avec du charbon actif en poudre (CAP) ou en micro-grain (CA”G), Ă l'Ă©chelle industrielle, au cours de 32 campagnes de mesure. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la plupart des PPHs, alkylphĂ©nols, Ă©dulcorants, pesticides et parabĂšnes pouvaient ĂȘtre abattus efficacement (> 80%) par du charbon actif en lit fluidisĂ©, Ă des doses limitĂ©es de charbon (10-20 g/m3). La dose de charbon influence fortement les performances, que ce soit avec du CAP ou du CA”G. Le CA”G permet d'obtenir des abattements en PPHs comparables au CAP Ă une mĂȘme dose (10 ou 20 gCA”G/m3), mĂȘme si certains composĂ©s sont lĂ©gĂšrement mieux abattus (5-15%) avec le CAP, probablement par l'action du FeCl3. Cependant, le CA”G a plusieurs avantages opĂ©rationnels par rapport au CAP. En particulier, le CA”G est rĂ©activable, facile Ă utiliser, il fonctionne Ă des temps de sĂ©jour Ă©levĂ©s favorisant le dĂ©veloppement d'une activitĂ© biologique et sans ajout de coagulant/flocculant pour maintenir le lit de charbon. Par ailleurs, ce type de procĂ©dĂ© permet l'affinage du traitement des paramĂštres globaux de qualitĂ© des eaux, notamment le CA”G qui retient les MES et Ă©limine totalement les nitrites. La corrĂ©lation entre performances du procĂ©dĂ© et abattement de l'absorbance UV Ă 254 nm a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie, indiquant que ce paramĂštre pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme indicateur de performance. La mise en place d'expĂ©riences complĂ©mentaires en laboratoire a permis de mieux apprĂ©hender le processus de sorption sur le CAP. Le lien Ă©troit entre surface spĂ©cifique, densitĂ© apparente du CAP et abattement des PPHs a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©, ainsi que l'importance de la dose de CAP et du temps de contact. L'impact positif du FeCl3, et l'influence nĂ©gative de la quantitĂ© et de la qualitĂ© de la matiĂšre organique ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©sThe first chapter is dedicated to the conventional primary and biological treatments. Hence, removals of a wide range of priority and emerging micropollutants were assessed for primary settling, physico-chemical lamellar settling, low load activated sludge process and biofiltration. Hydrophobic compounds and metals, as well as volatile organic compounds and biodegradable pollutants are rather well eliminated by these treatments. Moreover, considering removals normalized with nitrogen removals, the physico-chemical lamellar settling + biofiltration wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is as efficient as the primary settling + low load activated sludge WWTP, despite its lower hydraulic retention time and its higher compactness. As a complement, the analysis in 3 WWTP effluents from SIAAP of 55 pharmaceuticals and hormones (PPHs) and 6 other emerging pollutants allowed characterizing the contamination of these discharges, and highlighting the high occurrence of 14 compounds at concentrations above 100 ng/L. In the second chapter, the contamination by micropollutants of different types of Parisian sewage sludges was assessed, as well as their fate during sludge treatments. Various compounds, such as alkylphenols, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), metals, organotins, phthalates, polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated acids (PFAs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PPHs, were quantified in raw, centrifuged, digested, thermally dried sludges and sludge cakes (cooking + press-filtering). Some of them (LAS, metals, PCBs) are not eliminated or less than dry matter by sludge treatments resulting in a content increase, while others (alkylphenols, organotins, PBDEs, PPHs, PFAs) are more removed than dry matter by anaerobic digestion and thermal drying. Overall, anaerobic digestion is the most efficient sludge process. Finally, the detection of several pollutants in the centrifuged and condensed waters from centrifugation and thermal drying indicates that a transfer is occurring and that biodegradation and volatilization are not the only mechanism to be involved in micropollutant removal from sludge. The last chapter aimed at investigating the performance of a large scale pilot operating with powdered (PAC) or micro-grain activated carbon (”GAC), during 32 campaigns. Results showed that most of PPHs, alkylphenols, artificial sweeteners, parabens and pesticides are efficiently removed (> 80%) by activated carbon in fluidized bed at moderate doses (10-20 g/m3). Furthermore, the activated carbon dose has a great influence on performances, whether with PAC or ”GAC. Then, ”GAC has several operational advantages (reactivability, ease of operation, high solid retention time, no need for coagulant/flocculant addition to handle the fluidized bed) over the PAC together with similar performances at a similar fresh ”GAC dose (20 g”GAC/m3 â 20 gPAC/m3). In addition this type of process allows an improvement of the conventional wastewater quality parameters, especially ”GAC which retains total suspended solids and eliminates totally nitrites. Finally, a correlation between micropollutant and UV-254 removals has been confirmed, suggesting that this parameter could be used as a performances indicator. The complementary laboratory scale experiments performed within this chapter allowed understanding better the PAC adsorption mechanism in wastewater. The correlation between the specific surface, the bulk density of the PAC and PPHs removal has been displayed, as well as the importance of the fresh PAC dose and the contact time. Moreover, the positive effect of FeCl3 and negative influence of the quantity and quality of organic matter on micropollutant adsorption have been observe
toyCTM v1.0
Compared to version 0, the following features have been included:Resolution of chemical processes with an Euler Backward Iterative (EBI) method, which is suitable for stiff systems. Euler Forward method (not supporting stiff systems) is also included;Support for compressible flows;Inclusion of the PPM+W advection schemes (Mailler et al. 2023);Inclusion of several examples for use of toyCTM including case with pure advection, pure chemistry and advection + chemistry.This is version 1.0 of ToyCTM , academic Chemistry-TRansport model. Compared to version v0, the following features have been included: Resolution of chemical processes with an Euler Backward Iterative (EBI) method, which is suitable for stiff systems. Euler Forward method (not supporting stiff systems) is also included; Support for compressible flows; Inclusion of the PPM+W advection schemes (Mailler et al. 2023); Inclusion of several examples for use of toyCTM including case with pure advection, pure chemistry and advection + chemistry.This model is written in Python. It is intended for academic/research use only
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