Criblage Phytochimique et Activités Biologiques de Quatre Plantes Utilisées au Mali dans la Prise en Charge du Paludisme Chez les Enfants

Contexte : Selon les résultats d’une enquête menée dans différentes zones écologiques et culturelles au Sud du Mali, beaucoup de plantes médicinales sont utilisées dans la prise charge du paludisme chez les enfants, dont Annona senegalensis, Flueggea virosa, Gymnosporia senegalensis et Vitex doniana. Nous avons approfondi les études sur la composition phytochimique, la sécurité d’emplois et les activités contre les symptômes du paludisme. Objectifs : Caractériser les métabolites secondaires, déterminer la toxicité aiguë, vérifier l’activité hémolytique et évaluer les propriétés antalgiques, antipyrétiques et antiinflammatoires des quatre plantes. Méthodologie : La composition phytochimique a été déterminée par des réactions colorées en tube. L’activité hémolytique a été évaluée par CCM, révélée par le sang humain. La toxicité aigüe et les activités biologiques ont été déterminées in vivo chez les souris et les rats. Résultats : Les coumarines, stérols, tri terpènes, tanins et flavonoïdes ont été caractérisés dans les extraits aqueux des quatre plantes. Ces extraits n’ont pas présenté de constituants qui provoquent l’hémolyse. Les décoctés administrés par voie orale à la dose de 2000 mg /Kg chez des souris n’ont pas provoqués d’effets toxiques et de mortalité. Les décoctés administrés par voie orale à la dose de 100 et 200 mg /Kg chez des souris ont montré des remarquables activités antalgique, antiinflammatoire et chez les rats l’activité antipyrétique. Conclusion: Ces résultats préliminaires valident l’utilisation traditionnelle des quatre plantes dans la prise en charge des symptômes du paludisme chez les enfants.Introduction: According to the results of a survey conducted in different ecological and cultural areas in southern Mali, many medicinal plants are used by traditional paediatricians in taking charge of malaria in children. The survey highlighted the use of four plants, which we decided to carry out further study on phytochemical composition, safety of use and activity against symptoms of malaria. Objectives: To characterize secondary metabolites, to determine acute toxicity, to check haemolytic activity, and to evaluate the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona senegalensis, Flueggea virosa, Gymnosporia senegalensis, and Vitex doniana. Methods: The phytochemical composition of the aqueous extracts of the leafy twigs of the four plants was determined by coloured tube reactions. Haemolytic activity was assessed by TLC and revealed by human blood. Acute toxicity and biological activities were determined in vivo in mice and rats. Results: Coumarins, sterols, tri-terpenes, tannins and flavonoids were characterized in the aqueous extracts of the leafy twigs of the four plants. These decocts did not show any constituents that cause haemolysis. Decoctions given orally at the dose of 2000 mg / kg in mice did not cause toxic effects and mortality. Decoctions administered orally at the dose of 100 and 200 mg / kg showed remarkable analgesic, anti-inflammatory (in mice), and antipyretic (in rat) activities. Conclusion: These preliminary results validate the traditional use of the four plants in the management of malaria symptoms in children

Apport des moyens endoscopiques dans la dilatation des sténoses caustiques de l’oesophage

Introduction: The aim of this work was to present the contribution of the endoscopy in the management of esophageal dilatation for caustic esophageal stenosis (CES). Methods: This was a descriptive and prospective study in the thoracic surgery department at the Hospital of Mali. A total of 46 cases of CES is recorded and divided into 4 groups according to the topography of the esophageal lesions. For the different methods of dilatation the number of performed endoscopic support was determined to understand the contribution of endoscopic means in the success of dilatation for CES. The outcome, complications and mortality in the two methods were compared. Results: Fibroscopy was used in 41.30% of patients with Savary Guillard dilators and in 47.82% of patients with Lerut dilators. Video laryngoscopy was used in 58.69% of patients who underwent dilatation with Lerut dilators. The passage of the guide wire was performed in 39.13% under video laryngoscopy and 58.68% under fibroscopy. In comparison of the two methods, there is a significant difference in the occurrence of complications (p = 0.04075), general anesthesia (p = 0.02287), accessibility (p = 0.04805) and mortality (p = 0.00402). Conclusion: The CES is a serious disease and under evaluated in Mali. The endoscopies contribute significantly to the success of esophageal dilatation for caustic stenosis in the different methods we used.Keywords: Esophagus, caustic stenosis, dilatation, endoscopicPan African Medical Journal 2016; 2

Health facility-based prevalence and potential risk factors of autism spectrum disorders in Mali

Background: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is 1-2% worldwide, 1 in 68 in the U.S, and unknown in Africa. ASD is under-diagnosed in Mali due to stigma and the lack of appropriate human resources and infrastructure.Objective: To determine the ASD frequency and potential risk factors in Mali.Methods: We identified all the health facilities and community-based organizations involved in the ASD diagnosis and management in Bamako. We established an ASD research and awareness platform in Mali, which encompasses community-based organizations and a multidisciplinary team including psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, geneticists, and public health and social science specialists. Through this platform, we performed a survey in health facilities and organizations where patients with ASD are likely to seek care in Bamako. We reviewed the psychiatric patient registry to obtain basic epidemiological profiles of children with ASD, epilepsy and other psychiatric disorders.Results: We found a health facility-based prevalence of ASD of 4.5% (105/2,343) in Bamako. The mean age at the first outpatient visit was 7.64 ± 3.85 years old. First degree consanguinity of 29.5% (31/105) was more frequent in parents of ASD children versus age and sex matched controls OR= 4.37 [1.96-9.76] p=0.0001.Conclusion: Our data suggest that ASD is more common than expected in Mali. The established ASD awareness and research platform may improve the diagnosis and management of ASD by raising ASD awareness, training of Malian clinicians and researchers in early ASD screening and diagnosis, and strengthening research capacity in genomics of ASD and other mental disorders.Keywords: ASD, prevalence, consanguinity, health facilit

Evaluation of antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum in children according to exposure of Anopheles gambiae s.l or Anopheles funestus vectors

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In sub-Saharan areas, malaria transmission was mainly ensured by <it>Anopheles. gambiae </it>s.l. and <it>Anopheles. funestus </it>vectors. The immune response status to <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>was evaluated in children living in two villages where malaria transmission was ensured by dissimilar species of <it>Anopheles </it>vectors (<it>An. funestus vs An. gambiae </it>s.l.).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A multi-disciplinary study was performed in villages located in Northern Senegal. Two villages were selected: Mboula village where transmission is strictly ensured by <it>An. gambiae </it>s.l. and Gankette Balla village which is exposed to several <it>Anopheles </it>species but where <it>An. funestus </it>is the only infected vector found. In each village, a cohort of 150 children aged from one to nine years was followed during one year and IgG response directed to schizont extract was determined by ELISA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Similar results of specific IgG responses according to age and <it>P. falciparum </it>infection were observed in both villages. Specific IgG response increased progressively from one-year to 5-year old children and then stayed high in children from five to nine years old. The children with <it>P. falciparum </it>infection had higher specific antibody responses compared to negative infection children, suggesting a strong relationship between production of specific antibodies and malaria transmission, rather than protective immunity. In contrast, higher variation of antibody levels according to malaria transmission periods were found in Mboula compared to Gankette Balla. In Mboula, the peak of malaria transmission was followed by a considerable increase in antibody levels, whereas low and constant anti-malaria IgG response was observed throughout the year in Gankette Balla.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study shows that the development of anti-malaria antibody response was profoundly different according to areas where malaria exposure is dependent with different <it>Anopheles </it>species. These results are discussed according to i) the use of immunological tool for the evaluation of malaria transmission and ii) the influence of <it>Anopheles </it>vectors species on the regulation of antibody responses to <it>P. falciparum</it>.</p

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The role of linguistics in the development of modern literary criticism: A study on linguistics and its role in the development of modern criticism methods

The nineteenth century is the age of linguistics, which opened the horizons for human sciences in this age, especially the monetary field, which is considered the first beneficiary of the fruits of linguistics, where both work on one material: language. However, linguistics was interested in the ordinary language, while the criticism in the creative language took criticism from the impressionist stage to rely on technical mechanisms to prevent the critic from falling into the trap of self-impression. And with the scientific breakthrough of criticism resulting from the exchange of criticism and linguistics we found several approaches from structural to deconstruction, stylistic, which wanted to contain the page rhetoric, and other approaches that continue to breed with the development of linguistics, and do not forget the analysis of speech, and the mechanisms of the reader and his response. These scientific observations, which will be discussed in this study in the following lines

Susceptibilité D’adaptation d’Anopheles Coluzzii Aux Conditions Écologiques De Ponte Et De Développements Larvaires Des Culex Et Aedes

Introduction: Le paludisme demeure encore un problème majeur de santé public au Mali. Les mécanismes de transmission du paludisme en zones rurales sont bien connus mais restent encore tres mal connus en conditions urbaine. La présente étude a pour but de tester la susceptibilité d’adaptation d’An. coluzzii aux conditions écologiques de ponte et de développements larvaires des Culex et Aedes. Méthodes : Trois répétitions ont été conduites en conditions de laboratoire dans un insectarium ayant 26-27ºC comme temperature et 80-95% d’humidité relative. Résultats : Les taux d’éclosion étaient d’environ 90% pour le gîte témoins, 73% et 7% respectivement pour les gîtes Aedes et Culex avec un apport alimentaire. Mais sans apport de nourriture, ces taux sont de 22% pour les gîtes d’Aedes et 2% pour les gîtes de Culex. Les larves d’An. coluzzii étaient incapables de survivre dans les gîtes de Culex, avec ou sans apport alimentaire. Par contre dans les gîtes d’Aedes, leur taux de survie à varié de 53% au 1er&nbsp; jour à seulement 4% au 10e jour sans apport de nourriture. Mais avec un apport alimentaire, le taux de survie dans les gîtes d’Aedes a varié de 63% le 4e jour jusqu’à 21% le 10e jour. Les Mâles et les femelles d’Aedes adultes ont pu survivre jusqu’à 25 jours sans apport alimentaire. Par contre les adultes provenant des gîtes d’Aedes avec apport alimentaire peuvent survivre jusqu’à 39 jours. Conclusion : Cette étude a montré qu’An. coluzzii n’a pas la capacité de survivre dans les&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gîtes d’eau de Culex, mais il est susceptible de se développer dans les gîtes d’eau d’Aedes.&nbsp; Introduction: Malaria still remains a major public health problem in Mali. The mechanisms of malaria transmission in rural areas are well known but still remain very poorly understood in urban conditions. The current study aims to test the adaptive susceptibility of An. coluzzii to the ecological conditions of egg-laying and larval development of Culex and Aedes. Methods: Three replicates were conducted under laboratory conditions in an insectary with 26-27°C temperature and 80-95% relative humidity. Results: The hatching rates were about 90% for the control breeding site, 73% and 7% respectively for the Aedes and Culex breeding site with food supply. But without food, these rates are 22% for Aedes breeding site and 2% for Culex breeding site. The larvae of An. coluzzii were unable to survive in Culex breeding site, with or without food supply. On the other hand, in Aedes breeding sites, their survival rate varied from 53% on the 1st day to only 4% on the 10th&nbsp; day without food supply. But with a food supply, the survival rate in Aedes breeding site varied from 63% on the 4th&nbsp; day to 21% on the 10th&nbsp; day. Males and females of adult Aedes were able to survive up to 25 days without food supply. On the other hand, adults from Aedes breeding sites with food can survive up to 39 days. Conclusion: This study showed that An. coluzzii does not have the ability to survive in Culex breeding site, but it is likely to grow very well in Aedes breeding site

SNPs on ABC Transporters and in vivo Malaria Parasite Non Clearance after Chloroquine Treatment in Malian Children

Background: pfcrt K76T mutation was demonstrated to play a central role in the P. falciparum resistance to chloroquine. Aim: To find any association between mutant alleles of pfcrt K76T, pfmdr1 N86Y, pfG30 and pfG47 and the in vivo parasite non clearance after chloroquine treatment in Mali. Methodology: We carried out a chloroquine efficacy study in 196 children suffering from uncomplicated malaria in a rural village of Kollé, Mali, using WHO protocol. Subjects were treated with standard dose of chloroquine and followed for 14 days. Parasite DNA was extracted from finger prick blood blotted onto filter paper and genotypes were analyzed by different PCR methods. Results: The mutant alleles pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y were associated with parasite non clearance with p=0.00001 and 0.03 respectively. However, the association of SNPs on pfG30 and pfG47 genes with parasite non clearance was not statistically significant, p =0.43 and 0.57 respectively. The logistic regression analysis showed that the mutant allele pfmdr186Y contributed positively to the pfcrt 76T parasites non clearance (p=0.02). Conclusion: These findings have shown that pfcrt76T and pfmdr1 86Y alleles are associated with the in vivo parasite non clearance, but not SNPs on the new putative transporters genes

Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des pharmaciens dans l’utilisation de tableaux de bords appliqués à la gestion des stocks de médicaments au niveau des officines privées de pharmacie de Bamako, Mali

Résumé L’objet de ce travail a porté sur les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des pharmaciens dans l’utilisation du tableau de bord dans la gestion des stocks dans les officines de pharmacie. Il s’agissait d’une étude descriptive et transversale qui s’est déroulée de mars 2022 mars 2023 dans 60 Officines privées du district de Bamako. L’étude était portée sur les pharmaciens titulaires et assistants. La population fut interrogée à l’aide de questionnaire fiches d’enquêtes. L’analyse des données a été faite avec le logiciel SPSS.20, le traitement de texte et la saisie sur Microsoft Word. Les résultats de notre étude ont montré que le sexe masculin était le plus représenté, l’inventaire était la méthode de gestion la plus représentée. La majorité de la population n’utilisaient pas le tableau de bord dans la gestion de stock de médicaments. Après cette étude nous pouvons dire que le tableau de bord est un outil essentiel dans la gestion de stock de médicaments en Officine

Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des pharmaciens dans l’utilisation de tableaux de bords appliqués à la gestion des stocks de médicaments au niveau des officines privées de pharmacie de Bamako, Mali

Résumé L’objet de ce travail a porté sur les connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des pharmaciens dans l’utilisation du tableau de bord dans la gestion des stocks dans les officines de pharmacie. Il s’agissait d’une étude descriptive et transversale qui s’est déroulée de mars 2022 mars 2023 dans 60 Officines privées du district de Bamako. L’étude était portée sur les pharmaciens titulaires et assistants. La population fut interrogée à l’aide de questionnaire fiches d’enquêtes. L’analyse des données a été faite avec le logiciel SPSS.20, le traitement de texte et la saisie sur Microsoft Word. Les résultats de notre étude ont montré que le sexe masculin était le plus représenté, l’inventaire était la méthode de gestion la plus représentée. La majorité de la population n’utilisaient pas le tableau de bord dans la gestion de stock de médicaments. Après cette étude nous pouvons dire que le tableau de bord est un outil essentiel dans la gestion de stock de médicaments en Officine