Consumo de água potável em atividades domésticas por discentes do município de Afuá, região Amazônica, Pará, Brasil

Water is a fundamental natural resource for all life forms on Earth. However, of all water on the planet, less than 3% is sweet, and of this percentage only 0.01% is used for human consumption and other living things. In this sense, there is constant concern about the quality and quantity available of this resource. The objective of this study was to analyze the volume of drinking water used in domestic activities by students from the city of Afuá (PA). Data collection was carried out in July 2014. Participants were 46 students from the Lato Senso Postgraduate Course in Environmental Education. They filled out a table according to the daily consumption of water in their domestic activities. Subsequently the data were analyzed statistically by the relative frequency of the total consumption of water in liter per inhabitants in the residences. The results showed that the highest expenditure of water, among daily activities, was during the bath, followed by laundry. Therefore, the act of bathing is the activity that uses drinking water the most in the homes of students. The simple changes of daily habits can represent the sustainable use of a resource as important as water.A água é um recurso natural fundamental para todas as formas de vida existentes na Terra. No entanto, de toda água existente no planeta, menos de 3% é doce, e deste percentual apenas 0,01% é utilizado para o consumo humano e de outros seres vivos. Nesse sentido, há constante preocupação, quanto à qualidade e a quantidade disponível deste recurso. Neste trabalho objetivou-se analisar o volume de água potável utilizado em atividades domésticas por discentes do município de Afuá (PA). A coleta dos dados foi realizada em julho de 2014. Participaram da pesquisa 46 discentes do Curso de Pós-Graduação Lato Senso em Educação Ambiental. Estes preencheram uma tabela conforme o consumo diário de água em suas atividades domésticas. Posteriormente os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através da frequência relativa do consumo total de água em litro por habitantes nas residências. Os resultados mostraram que o maior gasto de água, entre as atividades diárias, foi durante o banho, seguido por lavagem de roupa. Portanto, o ato de tomar banho, é atividade que mais utiliza água potável nos domicílios dos discentes. As simples mudanças de hábitos no cotidiano podem representar o uso sustentável de um recurso tão importante como a água

DENSIDADE E ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL DO CARANGUEJO-UÇÁ, <i>Ucides cordatus</i> (LINNAEUS, 1763) NA RESERVA EXTRATIVISTA MARINHA DE TRACUATEUA, PARÁ, BRASIL

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a densidade e estrutura populacional do caranguejo-uçá, com vistas ao seu potencial extrativo em manguezais da Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Tracuateua-PA. As coletas foram realizadas entre os meses de fevereiro a agosto de 2015. A densidade populacional foi calculada em G/m². A Captura por Unidade de Esforço (CPUE) foi obtida através da razão (caranguejos/homem/hora), com o auxílio de um catador experiente de caranguejos. Os animais capturados tiveram as medidas da (LC) e (CC) mensuradas com paquímetro (0,01 mm). O peso (P) foi registrado em balança de precisão (0,01 g). Os potenciais extrativos imediato (PEI) e futuro (PEF) foram avaliados com base na (LC mm), sendo PEI: LC≥60mm e PEF: LC0,05). Os manguezais da RESEX não evidenciaram desequilíbrio da população de Ucides cordatus. Porém, ressalta-se a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados, além de medidas integradas mais eficazes, que contribuam com a melhoria de vida das comunidades humanas do entorno da RESEX para que a população de U. cordatus não entre em declínio. Palavras-chave: Ucides cordatus, manguezal, estrutura populacional, RESEX

ECOSSISTEMA MANGUEZAL NA CONCEPÇÃO DE ALUNOS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL EM UMA ESCOLA PÚBLICA NO MUNICÍPIO DE VIGIA, LITORAL AMAZÔNICO, PARÁ BRASIL

As áreas de mangue apresentam importância significativa, mas vêm sofrendo grande pressão antrópica ao longo do tempo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a concepção de alunos do ensino fundamental em uma escola pública no litoral amazônico, estado do Pará. Um questionário contendo 7 perguntas fechadas com características geral do manguezal, foi aplicado aos alunos. Posteriormente, inseridos em planilhas eletrônicas e submetidos à análise de frequência relativa. Os dados apontaram que 45,7% dos alunos envolvidos no estudo, informaram que “não há diferença entre as definições de mangue e manguezal”. No que se refere à importância ambiental e socioeconômica do manguezal, 80% do alunado afirmaram que “sim, abriga diversos seres vivos e gera alimento e renda para as populações ribeirinhas e litorâneas”. Enquanto 82,9% julgaram que o caranguejo é o principal constituinte da fauna de manguezal. Na sequencia, 62,9% dos escolares afirmaram que seus professores “não” abordam temas relacionados a ecossistema manguezal. Já no que diz respeito à ocorrência de algum tipo de degradação ou poluição das áreas de mangue da região, 60% afirmaram que “sim” e 91,4% disseram que se preocupavam com questões ambientais. Quanto à possibilidade de terem visitado um manguezal, 65,7% assinalaram “não” o ter visitado. O alunado demonstrou ter um bom entendimento sobre ecossistema manguezal, porém houve contradição ou não souberam julgar de maneira correta as definições de mangue e manguezal. Expõe-se, assim, a necessidade de intervenções de Educação Ambiental para melhor elucidar aspectos sobre esse importante ecossistema, bem como sensibilizar os alunos, visando à preservação das áreas de mangue. Palavras-chave: Manguezal; Concepção; Educação Ambiental; Amazônia. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE CONCEPTION OF STUDENTS OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN A PUBLIC SCHOLL IN VIGIA, AMAZONIAN COAST, PARÁ, BRAZIL ABSTRACT Mangrove areas present significant importance, but suffering great anthropogenic pressure over time. The aim of this work was to characterize the design of elementary school students in a public school in the Amazonian State of Pará coast. A questionnaire with 7 questions with General features, was applied with the students. Later, entered in spreadsheets and subjected to the analysis of relative frequency. The data indicate that 45.7% of students involved in the study, reporting that "not the difference between the definitions of mangrove and mangrove". As regards the socio-economic and environmental importance of the mangrove forest, 80% of students stated that "Yes, it houses various living things and throws food and income for riverine and coastal populations." While 82.9% they claim that the crab is the major constituent of mangrove fauna. In the sequel, 62.9% of schools claim that their teachers "not" embroider mangrove ecosystem-related topics. Already with regard to the occurrence of any kind of pollution or degradation of mangrove areas in the region, 60% says "Yes". And 91.4% who care about environmental issues. While the possibility of having visited a mangrove ecosystem, 65.7% indicate "no" have visited referred to. The students demonstrated a good understanding of mangrove ecosystem, however, there was no contradiction or judge correctly the settings of mangrove and mangrove forest. Showing the need for environmental education interventions to better elucidate aspects of this important ecosystem, as well as sensitize the students, aiming at the preservation of mangrove areas. Keywords: Mangrove; conception; environmental education; Amazon

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE CONCEPÇÃO SOBRE ECOSSISTEMA MANGUEZAL ENTRE ALUNOS DE ENSINO MÉDIO DE ESCOLAS PRIVADA E PÚBLICA NA AMAZÔNIA, BRASIL

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com objetivos de levantar, analisar e comparar concepção de alunos do ensino médio em escolas privada e pública na região amazônica, a respeito de um ecossistema com ampla ocorrência em áreas do litoral amazônico, o ecossistema manguezal, ambiente que vem sofrendo grandes alterações em seu estado natural. Um questionário elaborado com as características do ambiente de manguezal foi utilizado como ferramenta para obtenção dos dados nas escolas. Estes dados foram inseridos em planilhas eletrônicas e submetidos à análise de frequência relativa. Os resultados revelaram que os alunos de ambas as escolas têm conhecimentos a respeito das características dos manguezais, porém os índices da rede pública de ensino foram inferiores, quando comparados aos da rede privada de ensino, principalmente em questões relacionadas à diferença entre as definições de mangue e manguezal, abordagem de professores sobre o tema em sala de aula e a importância ambiental e socioeconômica das áreas de mangue. Nesse sentido, observa-se a importância da intervenção de atividades de Educação, de maneira interativa em sala de aula ou em campo, para melhor elucidar as características dos manguezais para os alunos, principalmente os da rede pública de ensino. Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental. Percepção ambiental. Manguezal. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTION OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM BETWEEN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE AMAZON, BRAZIL Abstract This work was developed with aims to raise, analyze and compare the conception of middle school students in private and public schools in the Amazon region, about an ecosystem with wide occurrence in the Amazon coastal areas, mangrove ecosystem, environment that comes suffering major changes in its natural state. A questionnaire prepared with the mangrove environment characteristics was used as a tool to obtain data in schools. These data were entered into spreadsheets and submitted to the relative frequency analysis. The results revealed that students from both schools have knowledge about the characteristics of mangroves, but the contents of the public school system were lower when compared to the private schools, mainly on issues related to the difference between the definitions of mangrove and mangrove ecosystem, teachers approach on the subject in the classroom and the environmental and socio-economic importance of mangrove areas. In this sense, there is the importance of education activities of intervention, interactively in the classroom or in the field, to further elucidate the characteristics of mangroves for students, especially those from public schools. Keywords: Environmental Education. Environmental perception. Mangrove

Processos de recuperação em áreas afetadas por mineração: uma revisão cienciométrica

A major challenge in using recovery techniques, for the different natural ecosystems affected by mining, is a mutual relationship between the habitat and its biota response. This study aimed to do a review to identify the number of publications, which countries are publishing more and which recovery techniques and taxonomic group are used in mining areas globally have contributed to the maintenance or recovery of the environment. We reviewed the literature on recovery in mining areas worldwide, between 1994 and 2016, using the Web of Science online database. We identified 9,000 publications, after the selection procedures, we analyzed the 467 remaining manuscripts. Of these, 34.26% were published between 1994 and 2004, and 65.74% between 2006 and 2016. The countries that contributed the most were the USA with 16.45%, Australia with 13.56% and China with 8.66%. Brazil contributed 6.9% of the publications. The recovery techniques using vegetation were the most reported in the literature and most used. The taxonomic group of terrestrial plants was the most cited and most used in the recovery of degraded areas. We found various techniques for recovering degraded areas can be established, but most of them did not show proper monitoring and without this the recovery processes may not achieve their objectives and studies that test the effect size of these recovery methods are still necessary.Um grande desafio no uso de técnicas de recuperação, para os diferentes ecossistemas naturais afetados pela mineração, é uma relação conjunta entre a resposta do habitat e a biota. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão para identificar o número de publicações; quais países estão publicando mais; quais técnicas de recuperação; e grupo taxonômico são mais usados nas áreas de mineração e que contribuíram para a manutenção ou recuperação do meio ambiente. Revisamos a literatura sobre recuperação em áreas de mineração em todo o mundo, entre 1994 e 2016, usando o banco de dados on-line da Web of Science. Foram identificadas 9.000 publicações; após os procedimentos de seleção, foram analisados 467 manuscritos restantes. Desses, 34,26% foram publicados entre 1994 e 2004 e 65,74% entre 2006 e 2016. Os países que mais contribuíram foram os EUA com 16,45%, a Austrália com 13,56% e a China com 8,66%. O Brasil contribuiu com 6,9% das publicações. As técnicas de recuperação com vegetação foram as mais relatadas na literatura e as mais utilizadas. O grupo taxonômico de plantas terrestres foi o mais citado e mais utilizado na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Descobrimos que várias técnicas para recuperar áreas degradadas podem ser estabelecidas, mas a maioria não mostrou monitoramento adequado e, sem isso, os processos de recuperação podem não atingir seus objetivos e estudos que testam os tamanhos de efeitos dessas técnicas ainda são necessários

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data