Factors, Shaping Fields and Typology of Organizational Culture of School on Tehran City

purpose of this research was to explore the organizational culture of public schools and their typology. This research was a qualitative exploratory study of grounded theory studies. After recording the studies (interviews, observing and evaluating in schools and focus group) the received information was obtained. Model of organizational culture was formed on seven categories (Academic culture and student learning method- The general culture of society, family, media - The curriculum and educational opportunities - The leadership style of the school principal – professionalism& occupational development teacher - The ruler educational system and ideology -The Possibilities Support and school space). So we have four types school a- School of Culture Designer(Excellence) b-Vocational school(Leading) c- Suspended Culture School(Unstable) d- Conflict culture school(Toxic). The outcomes of the garrison school, school leaving school and school dropout are expected in the future of Iranian schools. Keywords: organizational culture of School, education, students, typology, Grounded theor

Prevalence study of clinical disorders in 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces: Findings of Iranian national health assessment survey

Objective: To assess the national prevalence of clinical disorders in 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry using a national health assessment survey. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were asked to participate in a mandatory national screening program in Iran in 2009 in two levels of screening and diagnostic levels. Results: The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.1% urban). Of the whole children, 3.1% of the 6-year-old children had impaired vision. In addition, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 10, 10.9, 56.7, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.6% had color blindness, hearing impaired, speech disorder, height to age retardation, body mass index extremes, decayed teeth, having disease with special needs, spinal disorders, and hypertension, respectively. The distribution of these disorders was unequally distributed across provinces. Conclusions: Our results confirmed that the prevalence of clinical disorders among 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces was not similar. The observed burden of these distributions among young children needs a comprehensive national policy with evidence-based province programs to identify the reason for different distribution among provinces

Growth Disorders Among 6-Year-Old Iranian Children

Background: Sociodemographic factors are important determinants of weight disorders. National representative studies provide a view on this health problem at national and regional levels. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the distribution of growth disorders in terms of body mass index (BMI) and height in 6-year-old Iranian children using geographical information system (GIS). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were examined in a mandatory national screening program in 2009. Descriptive analysis was used to calculate the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity, and short stature. Then, ArcGIS software was used to draw the figures. Results: The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.5% urban). Overall, 20% of children were underweight, and 14.3% had high BMI, consisted of 10.9% overweight and 3.4% obese. The corresponding figure for short stature was 6.6%; however, these growth disorders were not equally distributed across various provinces. Conclusions: Our results confirmed unequal distribution of BMI and height of 6-year-old children in Iran generally and in most of its provinces particularly. The differences among provinces cannot be fully explained by the socioeconomic pattern. These findings necessitate a comprehensive national policy with provincial evidence-based programs

Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a National Sample of Adolescent Population in the Middle East and North Africa: The CASPIAN III Study

Objective. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of different combinations of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors among a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Methods. The study sample, obtained as part of the third study of the school-based surveillance system entitled CASPIAN III, was representative of the Iranian adolescent population aged from 10 to 18 years. The prevalence of different components of MetS was studied and their discriminative value was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results. The study participants consisted of 5738 students (2875 girls) with mean age of 14.7±2.4 years) living in 23 provinces in Iran; 17.4% of participants were underweight and 17.7% were overweight or obese. Based on the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation for the adolescent age group, 24.2% of participants had one risk factor, 8.0% had two, 2.1% had three, and 0.3% had all the four components of MetS. Low HDL-C was the most common component (43.2% among the overweight/obese versus 34.9% of the normal-weight participants), whereas high blood pressure was the least common component. The prevalence of MetS was 15.4% in the overweight/obese participants, the corresponding figure was 1.8% for the normal-weight students, and 2.5% in the whole population studied. Overweight/obese subjects had a 9.68 increased odds of (95% CI: 6.65–14.09) the MetS compared to their normal-weight counterparts. For all the three risk factors, AUC ranged between 0.84 and 0.88, 0.83 and 0.87, and 0.86 and 0.89 in waist circumference, abdominal obesity, and BMI for boys and between 0.78 and 0.97, 0.67 and 0.93, and 0.82 and 0.96 for girls, respectively. Conclusion. The findings from this study provide alarming evidence-based data on the considerable prevalence of obesity, MetS, and CVD risk factors in the adolescent age group. These results are confirmatory evidence for the necessity of primordial/primary prevention of noncommunicable disease should be considered as a health priority in communities facing a double burden of nutritional disorders

Inequality in School Readiness and Autism among 6-Year-Old Children across Iranian Provinces: National Health Assessment Survey Results

Objective: To assess the national inequality of school readiness and autism among 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry using a national health assessment survey. Methods: In a cross-sectional nationwide survey, all Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools were asked to participate in a mandatory national screening program in Iran in 2009 in two levels of screening and diagnostic levels. Findings: The study population consisted of 955388 children (48.5% girls and 76.1% urban residents). Of the whole children, 3.1% of the 6-year-old children had impaired vision. In addition, 1.2, 1.8, 1.4, 7.6, 0.08, 10, 10.9, 56.7, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.6 percent had color blindness, hearing impaired, speech disorder, school readiness, autism, height to age retardation, body mass index extremes, decayed teeth, disease with special needs, spinal disorders, and hypertension, respectively. The distribution of these disorders was unequally distributed across provinces. Conclusion: Our results confirmed that there is an inequality in distribution of school readiness and autism in 6-year-old children across Iranian provinces. The observed burden of these distributions among young children needs a comprehensive national policy with evidence-based province programs to identify the reason for different inequality among provinces

First report on simplified diagnostic criteria for pre-hypertension and hypertension in a national sample of adolescents from the Middle East and North Africa: the CASPIAN-III study

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to simplify the diagnostic criteria of pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and hypertension (HTN) in the pediatric age group, and to determine the accuracy of these simple indexes in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents. METHOD: The diagnostic accuracy of the indexes of systolic blood pressure-to-height ratio (SBPHR) and diastolic BPHR (DBPHR) to define pre-HTN and HTN was determined by the area under the curve of the receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 5,738 Iranian students (2,875 females) with mean (SD) age of 14.7 (2.4) years. The prevalences of pre-HTN and HTN were 6.9% and 5.6%. The optimal thresholds for defining pre-HTN were 0.73 in males and 0.71 in females for SBPHR, and 0.47 in males and 0.45 in females for DBPHR, respectively. The corresponding figures for HTNwere 0.73, 0.71, 0.48, and 0.46, respectively. In both genders, the accuracies of SBPHR and DBPHR in diagnosing pre-HTN and HTN were approximately 80%. CONCLUSIONS: BPHR is a valid, simple, inexpensive, and accurate tool to diagnose pre-HTN and HTN in adolescents. The optimal thresholds of SBPHR and DBPHR were consistent with the corresponding figures in other populations of children and adolescents with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Thus, it is suggested that the use of these indexes can be generalized in programs aiming to screen elevated blood pressure in the pediatric age group

Associação de consumo de café da manhã com fatores de risco cardiometabólico

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação do consumo de café da manhã com fatores de risco cardiometabólico em uma amostra representativa, em termos nacionais, de pacientes de pediatria iranianos. MÉTODOS: os participantes do estudo, composto de 5.625 alunos em idade escolar de 10-18 anos, participaram da terceira pesquisa do sistema nacional de vigilância nas escolas (CASPIAN-III). Eles foram classificados em três grupos, com base na quantidade de dias em que consumiam café da manhã: "indivíduos que consomem café da manhã regularmente" (6-7 dias/semana), "indivíduos que consomem café da manhã normalmente" (3-5 dias/semana) e "indivíduos que consomem café da manhã raramente" (0-2 dias/semana). A síndrome metabólica (SM) foi definida com base nos critérios do III Painel de Tratamento de Adultos (ATP III), adaptados para a faixa etária pediátrica. Ademais, o colesterol total elevado, a lipoproteína de baixa densidade-colesterol elevada (LDL-C) e a obesidade generalizada foram incluídos como outros fatores de risco cardiometabólico. As análises de regressão logística múltipla foram utilizadas para avaliar a associação entre a categoria consumo de café da manhã e fatores de risco cardiometabólico. RESULTADOS: a quantidade de pessoas classificadas como indivíduos que consomem café da manhã "regularmente", "normalmente" e "raramente" foram 2.653 (47,3%), 1.327 (23,7%) e 1.624 (29%), respectivamente. As médias de triglicerídeos (TG), LDL-C, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram mais elevadas no grupo de "indivíduos que consomem café da manhã raramente" (P para tendência < 0,001), ao passo que a lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C) foi menor nesse grupo que nos outros. Os indivíduos que consomem café da manhã raramente apresentaram um aumento no risco de obesidade, TG e LDL-C elevados, bem como baixo HDL-C em comparação a "indivíduos que consomem café da manhã regularmente". O risco de SM foi significativamente maior nos indivíduos que consomem café da manhã raramente (RC 1,96, 95% IC 1,18-3,27). CONCLUSÕES: pular o café da manhã está relacionado a aumento no risco de SM e outros fatores cardiometabólicos em crianças e adolescentes. Promover o benefício do consumo do café da manhã pode ser uma implicação simples e importante para evitar esses fatores de risco

First report on self-rated health in a nationally-representative sample of Iranian adolescents: the Caspian-iii study

Objective: To evaluate predictive factors of adolescents′ appraisal of their health. Methods: The nationwide study, entitled "Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non-communicable Diseases (CASPIAN) study," was conducted in 2010 among Iranian school students, aged 10-18. In addition to demographic factors and physical examination, variables as family structure, nutrition habits, physical activity, smoking, hygienic habits, violence, school attachment, family smoking, and family history of chronic diseases were assessed. The dependent variable is the self-rated health (SRH) and it was measured by 12 items, which had already been combined through latent class analysis. We had taken a dichotomous variable, i.e. the higher values indicate better SRH. The dependent variable was regressed on all predictors by generalized additive models. Results: 75% of adolescents had a good SRH. The linear and smooth effects of independent variables on SRH were observed. Among all the variables, physical activity had a positive linear effect on SRH (β = 0.08, P value = 0.003). Smoking, violence, and family history of disease associated to SRH non-linearly (P value < 0.05). Family smoking (β = -0.01) and hygienic habits (β = 0.27) related to SRH both linearly and non-linearly. Conclusions: Physical health and high risk behavior, either of linear or non-linear effect, are factors, which seem to shape the adolescents′ perception of health