Experimental investigations of bio-syngas Production using microwave pyrolysis of UAE’s Palm date seeds

From the start of the industrial revolution, the continued need for energy has been the most crucial issue in human history. An energy crisis started at the beginning of the 1970s when the number of machines, which became an essential part of our life, increased rapidly. Scientists made a huge effort to discover new sources of energy, with ‘biomass’ being one of the main focuses of researchers as a new renewable source of energy. In this thesis, a non conventional method of heating, using microwave power in a pyrolysis process of biomass waste from palm trees (Allig’s date seeds) for the production of bio-syngas to use in practical and industrial applications, is the main focus. Microwave heating has many advantages over conventional heating methods. In this method, the biomass heating occurs from the inside to the outside uniformly instead of heating the environment, as in the case of conventional heating. In designing the experimental work, a full factorial approach is utilized, using three parameter factors: particle sizes of (1790 μm, 783 μm, and 467 μm), microwave powers of (1,000 W, 700 W, and 300 W) and sample moisture contents of (0, 0.2, and 0.4). The yield of bio-syngas and temperature samples are monitored and measured throughout the tests using an “ETG MCA 100 Syn BIOGAS MULTIGAS ANALYZER” and an Omega Thermocouple respectively. In the last part of this work, a statistical analysis is conducted to nonlinearly model the gas yield average concentration percentages for CH4 and CO, as a function of all dependent parameters. The outcome of this study produces promising results, especially for CH4 and CO gas yields, which shows an average of 21% and 15% volume bases respectively. The yield of H2 gases is the lowest amongst all gas yields. The highest percentages of bio-syngas yield occurred at the highest microwave power, the smallest size of particles, and the driest samples. Allig date seeds as a biomass source in the microwave pyrolysis process demonstrate to be a promising source of renewable energy to be used in commercial and practical applications

The Contemporary Yemen Unity (1990-2019) the Foregrounds and Aftermaths, (Historical Perspective)

The Yemen Unity has always been and will remain a vital and crucial issue for Yemen the Yemeni people and the Arabian Peninsula s present and future generations It corresponds to its entities political future the Arabian Peninsula s strategic position wealth regional and international role the effects of such unity or division upon the region s peoples and the overall reflection on the problems and risks which threaten the Arab World and as a consequence the region and the world as a whole This study tries in the light of such importance to present an objective summary over the development of this unity indicating the contributing factors and the division reasons through a historical perspective which highlights the events and tries to submit an analysis over the modern Yemeni Unity path which constitutes a point of concern for the contemporary Arab thought The study hypothesizes that the Riyadh Agreement has constituted a turning point and focalization climax of the regional parties attitude towards the Yemeni unity and that the development of subsequent international approaches in this concern will drastically affect the Yemeni future and unit

The Emergence of Fascist Movement (1914 a 1930) (Historical Perspective)

This study presents within historical perspective the Fascism movement emergence in Italy at the beginnings of 20th Century in a way to enable us realizing Fascism s movement the accompanying intolerance and violence prevailed in international relations at that time which were seemed as contemporary phenomenon at the beginning of 21st century under the control of unilateral global regime whereas the public or parliamentary role is Marginalized or even cancelled in making crucial decisions at the National State Level The foregoing works to foreshadowing the emergence of related intolerance and violence historical phenomena which can turn into a totalitarian dictatorship regime practicing violence via means similar to those practiced by Fascism Movement The main idea herein is based on historical experience s recovery as to Fascism movement in Italy development and impact thereof on its international relationships as well as followed tactics therein The foregoing offer us understanding in terms of contemporary new phenomenon which is still in its initial stage and thus contributing in increasing the historical awareness comprehend contemporary problems and impacts thereo

Cyanobacteria diversity in various waterbodies of Mosul, Iraq

Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic bacteria that can adapt to various environments due to their extensive physiological adaptability. These bacteria are naturally distributed in diverse ecosystems, including freshwater, marshes, groundwater, lakes, brackish water (estuaries), salt water, moist soils, and dry land. This study was conducted to enlist cyanobacteria isolates in different waterbodies in Mosul, Iraq. For this purpose, 16 sites were selected and sampled. Based on the results, the Gloeocapsa nigrescens was the dominant species (10.34%), followed by Microcystis robusta (6.69%), Oscillatoria nigro-viridis (6.69%), and Oscillatoria sp. (6.69%). Mosul Dam Lake (station 12) was the most diverse one with six cyanobacteria species, including Schizothrix sp., Aphanocapsa koordesii, G. crepidium, O. trichoides, M. flos-aquae, and Plectonema tomasinianum

Indicators of Psychological Resilience Among Persons With Learning Disabilities in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jordan: A Pilot Survey Study

The current study aimed to describe the indicators of psychological resilience in the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. The study included 45 participants. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher constructed the study tool, and its validity and reliability were verified. The result indicated that persons with learning disabilities have a medium psychological resilience. The study recommended the importance of strengthening the psychological resilience of persons with learning disabilities.The current study aimed to describe the indicators of psychological resilience in the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. The study included 45 participants. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher constructed the study tool, and its validity and reliability were verified. The result indicated that persons with learning disabilities have a medium psychological resilience. The study recommended the importance of strengthening the psychological resilience of persons with learning disabilities

Advanced ultrafiltration technology for lignocelluloses recovery and purification from thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mills process waters

Process waters of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mills contain a large valuable quantity of lignocellulosic materials that end up in the wastewater for biological treatment. In recent years, interest in utilizing such compounds has increased, and plenty of applications have been proposed. Thus, the recovery of hemicelluloses and lignin from these process waters as value-added chemicals would be beneficial for TMP mills not only to increase their profitability and competitiveness but also to reduce the organic loading to the wastewater treatment facility. However, this implies adoption of different types of appropriate separation technologies. Among the proposed separation methods, membrane technologies have been studied in a wider range of perspectives, and have been shown to play a key role in products recovery and purification in biorefining processes. In this study, the feasibility of the advanced UF technology for hemicellulose recovery and concentration from thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mill process waters was evaluated. In particular, the influence of ultrafiltration membrane cut-offs and volume reduction factors on membrane flux, and recovery and purity of hemicelluloses were investigated. Based on this study, the three tested membranes had shown different ability to recover hemicelluloses from the TMP process water. 5KDa membranes achieved the highest percent recovery of hemicellulose (95.7%), followed by 10KDa membranes 89.2% for the volume reduction (VR) of 95%. 30KDa membranes had the lowest percent recovery of 52% for VR value of 95%. Compared to 5kDa membranes, a cut-off of 10kDa seems to be feasible for the separation of lignin from hemicelluloses; it retained hemicelluloses while allowing the lignin to pass through it. Retentions of lignin were markedly low with the tested 10kDa membranes, compared with hemicelluloses retention. Volume reduction had a significant influence on the amount of hemicelluloses and lignin held back by the membrane. In this study also the characteristics of permeates and concentrates of UF membrane with different cut-offs were studied

Effects of Dietary Zinc and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation and Thermal Environment on Physiological Responses and Performance of Ross Broilers Chicks

The studies reported in this thesis were performed to investigate the effect of dietary zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation and thermal environment on physiological responses and performance of broilers. In experiment 1, the effects of dietary (ZnSO4) levels 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg on physiological responses and performance were investigated in unsexed broiler chicks. The rectal temperature (Tr ) was not affected significantly by zinc level in the diet; Tr decreased with increase in age. The feed intake, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased significantly in broilers receiving different levels of ZnSO4compared to the control. The packed cell volume (PCV) increased significantly with all levels of Zn supplementation and at all stagesof growth. The plasma glucose level decreased significantly in broilers withall levels of Zn supplementation and at all stages of growth. The serum cholesterol level decreased significantly in broilers with all levels of Zn supplementation and at all stages of growth, and it decreased with advance of age. The serum levels of total protein and albumin were higher with all levels of Zn supplementation and at all stages of growth, and increased with advance of age. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and alanine aminotransferas (AST) decreased significantly in broilers with Zn supplementation and at all stages of growth. The serum Zn level increased significantly with all levels of Zn supplemented and at 4 th and 5 th week of age. In experiment 2, the effects of dietary supplementation of ZnSO4(50 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (AA) (600 mg/kg) or their combination on physiological responses and performance ii were investigated in unsexed broilersduring summer and winter conditions. The rectal temperature (Tr ) was not affected significantly by dietary Zn and AA supplementation or their combination during summer and winter conditions. Tr of control groups of broilers was significantly higher during summer compared to winter values at all stages of growth. The effects of Zn and AA or their combination on feed intake, BW and FCR were not significant throughout the experimentalperiod. The mean values of feed intake, BW and FCR were significantly higher during winter at all stages of growth. The PCV was not affected significantly by Zn and AA or their combination during the course of experiment. The PCV of control groups was significantly higher during winterat all stages of growth. There was significant decrease in plasma glucose level with all treatments at the 4 th and 5 th weeks of age during summer, and a significant decrease in plasma glucose level in all treated experimental groups at the 4 th week of age during winter. At the 5 th and 6 th week of age, the plasma glucose level significantly decreased for broilers supplemented withcombination of AA and Zn during winter. The serum cholesterol level decreased significantly with all treatments at the 5 th week of age during summer; it also decreased significantly at the 4 th and 6 th weeks of age in all treatments during winter. The serum total protein level increased significantly with all treatments at all stages of growth during summer; also it increased significantly in all treated groups at the 2 nd , 4 th and 6 th weeks of age during winter. The serum albumin level increased significantly for broilers supplemented with AA at the 6 th week of age during summer, and it increased significantly with all treatments iii at the 4 th , 5 th and 6 th week of age during winter. The serum AST level decreased significantly with all treatments at all stages of growth during summer. Also it decreased significantly with all treatments at the 2 nd , 4 th and 6 th weeks of age during winter. The serum ALT level decreased significantly with all treatment groups at all stages of growth during summer. During winter, ALT level decreased significantly with all treatments at all stages of growth. The results which were related to thermoregulation and nutritional strategies adopted for alleviation of thermal stress in broilers were discussed in the light of previous findings reported in literature. The findings of the studies could have implications in improving the growth performance of broilers under tropical conditions

Serenading prologues in Shahnameh

When we look deeply at the structure of Iranian famous letter–Shahnameh of Ferdowsi- it becomes clear that besides its stable and rigid content, format and process of narration of its stories are also done scholarly and intelligently. The prologues of the stories are one of the most effective methods in the disciplined structure of stories. From among numerous numbers of story prefaces in Shahnameh, there are ten of them that are exhaustive prologue; three of which are more alike in structure and have some differences with other ones. These three prefaces include prologues of “KeyKhosrow”, “Rostam and Esfandyar”, and Kingdom of Hormozd” stories, which have a similar structure with Serenading. They have obvious similarities with Serenading in: a) number of verses, b) theme, situation, narration, and their characteristic, which recall the first Serenading of odes to mind. So, we can say that the three mentioned prefaces have some features in common both in prologue and serenading. According to the structure (number of verses, pseudonym verse, subject, narration and characteristic), they are like serenading and, from the aspect of prophecy, they take the burden of prologue. These three serenading prologues, however, have some differences with ode serenading. They should have an amount of indirect and summarized expression of the text because they have the prophecy of being a prologue; on this basis, the story they narrate on the ground of nature is allegorical and the natural characters used within them are symbols of the original characters of the story which symbolically express the sense of the story. The concept of these primary verses is somehow close to the whole text of the story; so, after reading them, we understand the feelings of happiness and sorrow which we would confront with in the whole text. But, ode serenading has not such a prophecy, since the main purpose of serenading is to create interest and emotion in the reader about the principal intention of the poet. There are three reasons why such prologues exist in Shahnameh: first, era of Ferdowsi; because in this era, Samanids and Ghaznavids, poetry in the genre of Khorasani was in its highest place and all around Iran and Khorasan was full of poets and poetry. Second, the genre of Khorasani poetry. The main sense of this genre was ode and the related poets had a realistic and concrete view to the surrounding nature.  It is good to say about the mentioned factors that living in an environment which is full of poetry would irresistibly affect the poets and their sensations. The third factor is the entire familiarity of Ferdowsi with the poetic genres and poetry technics of his era. All of these factors had affected Ferdowsi’s serenading and Khorasani genre of poetry. A point to add is the fact that the art of prologue is not the result of serenading ode. However, this is not separated from serenading ode and hasn’t been changed. Such an art has been existed independently and had been used in the poems, but without any special name until the 8th century which Khatib Ghazvini in his summary of “Meftah al-Olum” of Sakaki with the title of ”Talkhis al-Meftah fi al-ma’ani val bayan val badie’” called it prologue

Optimal control problems constrained by hyperbolic conservation laws.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.This thesis deals with the solutions of optimal control problems constrained by hyperbolic conservation laws. Such problems pose significant challenges for mathematical analysis and numerical simulations. Those challenges are mainly because of the discontinuities that occur in the solutions of non-linear systems of conservation laws and become more acute when dealing with the multidimensional case. The problem is formulated as the minimisation of a flow matching cost functional constrained by multi-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws. The control variable is the initial condition of the partial differential equations. In our analysis of the problem, we review extensively the constraints equation and we consider successively the one-dimensional and the multi-dimensional cases. In all the cases, we derive the optimality conditions in the adjoint approach at the continuous level, which are then discretised to arrive at a numerical algorithm for the solution. In the derivation of the optimality conditions, we replace the non-linear conservation laws either by the relaxation equation or the Lattice Boltzmann equation. We illustrate our findings on examples related to the multi-dimensional Burger and the Euler equations

A Suggested Program Based on Picture Reading Strategy to Improve English Reading Comprehension Skills among Seventh Graders in Palestine

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a suggested program based on picture reading strategy to develop seventh graders' English reading comprehension skills. The researcher used four tools: a checklist to determine the criteria of good picture which is suitable for reading comprehension texts for seventh graders, a questionnaire to determine the degree of importance of the reading comprehension skills, an achievement test (Pre& post-test) and the suggested program which consists of Teacher's Guide, Student's Book, teaching aids and evaluation tools. The researcher purposively chose Nuseirat Prep "C" Boys School for applying an experiment to prove the effectiveness of using the strategy of reading pictures. The sample of the study was 60 male students, (30) students in each group. They were equally divided into two groups, experimental and control. Both groups were pre-tested to assure that they both were equivalent. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS to be compared with the post-test results. The suggested program was taught to the experimental group while the control one was taught by the traditional method. The findings revealed that there were significant differences between the mean scores attained by the experimental group and those by the control group in favor of the experimental group. This was due to picture reading strategy activation. The experiment showed the importance of activating picture reading strategy throughout reading. According to the findings the researcher recommends that the seventh graders' English Language teachers need to activate picture reading strategy throughout reading in order to develop not only seventh graders' reading comprehension and comprehension skills, but also their general achievement in English language