Variation Symptoms and Resistance Response of Different Types on Orchids (Orchidaceae) Against Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) Infection

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) is one of the viruses that are reported to infect the most orchids in Indonesia. Viral infections cause economic losses. This research was conducted to study the introduction of symptoms of infection that appear as the initial stages of disease control. The source of the virus is orchid leaves Phalaenopsis amabilis positively infected by ORSV collected from Magelang. Virus isolation was carried out by mechanical inoculation to indicator plants (Chenopodium amaranticolor and Nicotiana tabaccum). Furthermore, the results of inoculation were multiplied using various types of orchids (Dendrobium, Cymbidium, Chattleya, Phalaenopsis, Spatthoglotis, Liparis, and Pecteilis). Virus detection on orchid tissue was done trough the DAS-ELISA and observation of virus structure using TEM. The results showed that Pectelis sussanae (L.) Raf. was the only orchid plant that was immune against ORSV approached. Dendrobium sp., Cymbidium sp., Chattleya sp., Phalaenopsis sp., and Spathoglotis sp. showed a response of susceptible of ORSV severe infection symptoms, while Liparis sp. were resistant. The variation of resistance from several orchid plant against infection ORSV showed severe symptoms with the incubation periode was seen earlier. The observation of virus structure using TEM showed rigid road shape particle, 300 x 18 nm in size, which is general characteristic of Tobamovirus. This indicate an infection of ORSV is a dangerous disease and require serious contro

RESPONSE OF GREEN BEANS (Vigna radiata L.) GERMINATION ON LEAVES AND RHIZOMES COGONGRASS (Imperata cylindrica L.) ALLELOPATHY

Cogongrass is a plant that contains allelochemicals, so it has the capability to reduce viability and early growth in green bean germination. This study aimed to determine the effect of allelopathy extract on the size and number of root cells in mung bean sprouts. The study uses the Completely Randomized Design with 1 treatment and 5 concentration levels of reed extract and repeated twice. The concentrations of the reeds used were 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed that high concentrations of Cogongrass allelopathic extract inhibited the growth of soybean sprouts based on plant length. Each concentration of reed extract did not show a significant difference in cell length or cell density of mung bean sprouts

APLIKASI FILOGENETIK DI DUNIA BIOLOGI KESEHATAN: MELACAK PANDEMI PATOGEN

Phylogenetics is known as a study related to biological science. Phylogenetics provides facilities in the fields of human epidemiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology. In evolutionary science, this field of science is used to integrate spatial data in detecting the journey of living things over time. In health biology, the development of this science is also used to detect the spread of disease/pathogens from a region to the global direction. Phylogenetic analysis is able to describe the origin of the disease, the pattern of distribution, and speciation. In the pandemic analysis, several diseases that have been analyzed are the Chikungunya virus outbreak in 2007, Ebola and H3N2 influenza virus in 2014, and the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2020. The study results reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has three variants of lineage groups, namely types A, B, and C. The Covid-19 virus type A was first discovered in Wuhan City, China. Meanwhile, the type A virus mutation is seen in the United States and most of these viruses have also been found in corona positive patients from Australia. The Covid-19 type B virus was detected in patients living in East Asia, while the Covid-19 type was concentrated in the European region

Indonesia Darurat Konservasi: Sudah Amankah Kebun Raya Kita?

Kebun raya merupakan kawasan konservasi ex situ yang digunakan sebagai pusat pelestarian keanekaragaman tumbuhan dari kepunahan. Anggrek alam adalah salah satu koleksi kebun raya dan merupakan flora asli Indonesia yang memiliki peran penting sebagai induk persilangan.Infeksi penyakit masih menjadi salah satu faktor pembatas dalam upaya pelestarian anggrek. Deteksi penyakit terhadap anggrek alam di Kebun Raya Bogor, Kebun Raya Purwodadi, dan Kebun Raya Balikpapan menunjukkan reaksi positif terinfeksi Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). Hasil karakterisasi diketahui ORSV Indonesia diduga berasal dari negara Jerman. Berdasarkan data diketahui bahwa penyebaran virus terjadi melalui aktifitas perdagangan bibit dan bunga potong anggrek. Laporan ini menjadi pertimbangan besar mengingat peran kebun raya sebagai lembaga konservasi serta benteng terdepan dalam penyelamatan tumbuhan. Pihak kebun raya berkewajiban menjaga dan memelihara setiap koleksi yang dimiliki agar tumbuh dengan baik. Selain itu, usaha mencegah penyebaran penyakit yang terlanjur masuk harus mendapat perhatian lebih melalui peningkatan mutu penelitian. Temuan ini juga menunjukkan kebun raya di Indonesia belum aman dan bebas terhadap penyakit. Upaya pemeliharaan tanaman koleksi oleh pihak kebun raya masih sangat kurang. Deteksi sebaiknya dilakukan secara rutin untuk pemantauan perkembangan dan penyebaran penyakit, serta tindakan pengendalian sedini mungkin. Cara lain yang efektif untuk melindungi dan mempertahankan status kesehatan anggrek alam di Indonesia adalah dengan membatasi dan mengontrol importasi anggrek dari negara lain.Kebun raya merupakan kawasan konservasi ex situ yang digunakan sebagai pusat pelestarian keanekaragaman tumbuhan dari kepunahan. Anggrek alam adalah salah satu koleksi kebun raya dan merupakan flora asli Indonesia yang memiliki peran penting sebagai induk persilangan.Infeksi penyakit masih menjadi salah satu faktor pembatas dalam upaya pelestarian anggrek. Deteksi penyakit terhadap anggrek alam di Kebun Raya Bogor, Kebun Raya Purwodadi, dan Kebun Raya Balikpapan menunjukkan reaksi positif terinfeksi Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV). Hasil karakterisasi diketahui ORSV Indonesia diduga berasal dari negara Jerman. Berdasarkan data diketahui bahwa penyebaran virus terjadi melalui aktifitas perdagangan bibit dan bunga potong anggrek. Laporan ini menjadi pertimbangan besar mengingat peran kebun raya sebagai lembaga konservasi serta benteng terdepan dalam penyelamatan tumbuhan. Pihak kebun raya berkewajiban menjaga dan memelihara setiap koleksi yang dimiliki agar tumbuh dengan baik. Selain itu, usaha mencegah penyebaran penyakit yang terlanjur masuk harus mendapat perhatian lebih melalui peningkatan mutu penelitian. Temuan ini juga menunjukkan kebun raya di Indonesia belum aman dan bebas terhadap penyakit. Upaya pemeliharaan tanaman koleksi oleh pihak kebun raya masih sangat kurang. Deteksi sebaiknya dilakukan secara rutin untuk pemantauan perkembangan dan penyebaran penyakit, serta tindakan pengendalian sedini mungkin. Cara lain yang efektif untuk melindungi dan mempertahankan status kesehatan anggrek alam di Indonesia adalah dengan membatasi dan mengontrol importasi anggrek dari negara lain

Identification of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) in Liwa Botanical Garden Based on Leaf Morphological Characters

Orchid is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world. One of the orchid genera that is collected in a large number and known to have high morphological variations in the Liwa Botanical Garden is Dendrobium. However, to date, many Dendrobium collections have not been identified. Given the urgency of identification and the limitations of specimens in the field, especially flower organs, this study is important. This study aims to determine variations in morphological characters, phenetic relationships, and to identify Dendrobium collections based on leaf morphological characters in the Liwa Botanical Garden. Five accessions of Dendrobium were collected, namely CAT140, CAT 144, CAT 271, CAT 274, and IR015. Observation of 11 morphological characters leaves showed that leaf had high variations. The phenetic relationship based on the Gower similarity value and the UPGMA method shows that the Dendrobium in the Liwa Botanical Garden can be classified into 2 main groups formed with a similarity index value of 0.813. Based on Principle Component analysis values, it is known that the characters that have a large influence on grouping are the ratio of leaf length and width, leaf cross section, and leaf arrangement. The phenetic dendrogram topology is supported by the morphological character classification. The results of this study are expected to be basic information in the identification of natural orchids and conservation efforts in the Liwa Botanical Garden

Evolusi virus anggrek di Indonesia

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) merupakan virus anggrek yang penting di dunia.Virus ini telah masuk dan menginfeksi di Indonesia, baik anggrek alam maupun anggrek hibrida. Deteksi mengindikasikan virus ini ditemukan pada lokasi hutan alam, kebun raya, dan nurseri di Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, dan Papua. Hasil-hasil penelitian berikut menunjukkan bahwa anggrek hibrida pada nurseri lebih rentan terinfeksi ORSV dibandingkan anggrek alam pada hutan alam dan kebun raya. ORSV ditemukan lebih banyak menginfeksi anggrek hibrida yaitu 8 lokasi nurseri, dibandingkan anggrek alam pada hutan alam dan kebun raya yaitu masing-masing hanya 3 lokasi. Uji serologi DAS-ELISA menunjukkan rerata nilai absorbansi ORSV yang menginfeksi anggrek hibrida pada nurseri lebih tinggi (1,125-1,152), daripada anggrek alam pada kebun raya dan hutan alam yaitu masing-masing 0,520-0,918 dan 0,520. Anggrek Phalaenopsis merupakan inang yang cocok dan paling rentan terinfeksi ORSV dengan kejadian 57%, diikuti Calanthe (14%), Dendrobium (9%), serta Bulbophylum, Calanthe, Cattleya, Oncidium, dan Liparis masing-masing 5%. Analisis sekuen gen coat protein menunjukkan isolat ORSV Indonesia asal hutan alam dan kebun raya menunjukkan nilai indeks similaritas yang lebih tinggi dengan isolat asal negara lain (100%), dibandingkan dengan isolat ORSV Indonesia asal nurseri (99,3%). Isolat ORSV asal hutan alam dan kebun raya mengalami kejadian mutasi yang lebih sedikit yaitu masing-masing sebesar 18% dan 36%, dibandingkan isolat ORSV asal nurseri (45%). Hasil analisis sekuen juga mengindikasikan bahwa virus telah berevolusi, bahkan mengarah terjadinya spesiasi. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik menunjukkan ORSV Indonesia diduga berasal dari negara Jerman

POTENSI DAN ANALISA BIAYA PENYEDIAAN BIBIT TEBU (Saccharum officinarum L.) UNGGUL SECARA IN VITRO DI PT. GUNUNG MADU PLANTATIONS

Sugarcane productivity included cane yield and sugar extracted rate (rendemen) fluctuated annually. The main causes of low sugarcane productivity is quality of planting material with no high sugar extracted rate (sugar rendemen) potential, resistance to pests and diseases, stability production, tolerance to climate changed and early age of harvest. For increasing of the yield productivity and producing a superior sugarcane planting material with competitiveness cost, the vegetative propagation through in vitro culture technique via shoot tip culture was carried out. The objective of this research is to produce a superior sugarcane planting in vitro and analyze the costs required. The research was carried out at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, PT. Gunung Madu Plantations (GMP) in March-May 2021. The research stages started from the preparation of explant source plants, sterilization of explants and tools, manufacture of stock solutions and planting media, subculture, and analysis of the costs needed to provide superior sugarcane seeds. The results showed that the basal swelling of explants, increasing the number of shoots, root elongation, and the method of providing superior sugarcane seeds from apical shoot explants in vitro were relatively more competitive with the price of plantlets per culture tube contained 10 clones costly were Rp. 20,328, compared with conventional propagation methods. with the price of sugar cane seedlings material were Rp 1,603/stem

THE POLITICAL CONSPIRACY IN BRYAN SINGER’S VALKRYIE MOVIE (2008): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

This study is aimed to show the political conspiracy in Valkryie movie by using sociological approach. It is done by establishing two objectives: the first is analyzing the movie based on its structural elements and the second is analyzing the movie based on the sociological approach. This research is qualitative research. Type of data of the study is text and image taken from two data sources: primary and secondary. The primary data source is the Valkryie movie directed by Bryan Singer released in 2008. While the secondary data sources are other materials taken from books, journals, and internet related to the study. Both data are collected through library research and analyzed by descriptive analysis. The study comes to the following conclusions. First, based on the structural analysis of each elements, it shows that the character and characterization, casting, plot, setting, point of view, theme, mise en scene, cinematography, sound, and editing are related to each other and form the unity into good quality of a movie. Second, based on the sociological analysis, there is close relation between the movie production and the social reality underlying it, such as the global issues of conspiracy in a government. This movie also criticizes the assassination of leader to drop a cruel government for people affair

KEBUGARAN JASMANI SISWA SMA NEGERI UNGGUL ACEH TIMUR PROVINSI ACEH

ABSTRAKMahfut, Nazarul. 2018. Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa SMA Negeri Unggul Aceh Timur Tahun Ajaran 2017-2018. Skripsi, Program Studi Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Syiah Kuala.(1) Dr. Razali, M.Pd (2) Dr. Miskalena, M.Kes.Kata Kunci : Sekolah Unggul, Fullday dan Boarding School, Kebugaran JasmaniSekolah unggul memiliki jam belajar lebih panjang daripada sekolah umum lainnya. Pada sekolah unggul SMA Negeri Unggul Aceh Timur menerapkan sistem pendidikan sekolah asrama (boarding school) dan belajar dengan sistem fullday dimulai pukul 07.15 wib sampai dengan 20.15 wib. Kegiatan aktivitas fisik siswa dilakukan selama tiga jam pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga dan Kesehatan (PJOK) dan dua jam pada kelas ekstrakulikuler. Waktu belajar siswa lebih panjang dibandingkan waktu aktivitas fisik. Kondisi ini dapat mempengaruhi kebugaran jasmani siswa. Aktivitas fisik atau olahraga menjadi faktor penting untuk memperoleh kebugaran jasmani. Saat tubuh memiliki kebugaran jasmani yang baik maka tubuh tidak mudah sakit dan keberlangsungan belajar siswa tidak terganggu.Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis evaluatif. Populasi penelitian yaitu 342 siswa SMA Negeri Unggul Aceh Timur. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 32 siswa diperoleh dengan teknik proportionate random sampling. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui Tes Kebugaran Jasmani Indonesia (TKJI) yang terdiri dari lima item yaitu: (1) lari 60 meter, (2) gantung angkat tubuh, (3) baring duduk 60 detik, (4) loncat tegak, dan (5) lari 1200 meter untuk putera dan 1000 meter untuk puteri. Data penelitian diolah dengan rumus persentase.Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat kebugaran jasmani siswa SMA Negeri Unggul Aceh Timur sebesar 18.9 (kategori baik), dengan rincian sebagai berikut: (1) sebanyak 1 orang siswa (2.94 %) memiliki tingkat kebugaran jasmani baik sekali, (2) sebanyak 17 orang siswa (50%) memiliki kebugaran jasmani baik, dan (3) sebanyak 16 orang siswa (47.1%) memiliki tingkat kebugaran jasmani sedang

Stomata characters of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) mutants of GMP3 variety at PT Gunung Madu Plantations, Lampung, Indonesia

The induction of colchicine mutations is one method of breeding. PT Gunung Madu Plantations, for example, has induced mutations of commercial sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varieties, however, investigations on the impact of colchicine on stomatal characters have received less attention. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the stomata character of 21 sugarcane mutants of the GMP3 variety at PT Gunung Madu Plantations, Lampung, Indonesia with a focused look at stomata aperture width, stomata length and width, number of stomata, stomatal density, and stomata index. The collected data were analysed using cluster and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) through MVSP software. This study showed that all GMP3 mutants had Graminae-type stomata. In terms of stomata length and width, the average size of the GMP3 variety mutant was greater than that of the control. The diversity of stomata characters is fairly high due to differences in stomata size between GMP3 and control mutants. With a similarity index of 0.20, the phenetic analysis of 21 mutants of the GMP3 variety revealed that the relationship between mutants and controls was getting further. A six-character principal component analysis revealed that axis I's total variation accounted for 40.54 percent of the variation and had an eigenvalue of 2.43, whereas axis II's contribution to the variation was 19.02 percent and had an eigenvalue of 1.14. The findings indicate that stomata are excellent taxonomic evidence for identifying and analysing sugarcane varieties induced by colchicine-induced breeding.