Nitrogen Removal in Mangroves Constructed Wetland

The potential use of Mangroves Constructed Wetland (MCW) as a low cost, efficient and suitable method for nitrogen removal from sewage in coastal zone of urban cities was examined in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In-situ examinations were done in horizontal surface flow Mangrove Constructed Wetland situated at Kunduchi beach area in Dar es Salaam. A wetland of 40 meters by 7 meters was constructed to receive domestic sewage from septic tank of Belinda Beach Hotel and was operated in an intermittent continuous flow mode. The wetland employed the already existing mangrove plants known as Avicennia Marina. The plants had an average breast height of 4 meters during commencement of experiments. The wetland collected the mixture of sewage and seawater at strength of 60% to 40%, respectively. The treatment efficiency of the wetland in nitrogen removal from sewage was determined. The observed removal rates of nitrogen inform of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were 85% and 76%, respectively. Mangrove Constructed Wetland has a potential in nitrogen removal from sewages and it is suggested to be used for sewage treatment in coastal areas

Policy, Institutional and Legal Guidelines for Sustainable Use of Constructed Wetlands in Tanzania

The guidelines will provide all stakeholders especially planners, designers and constructors as well as funding agencies in the Tanzania with an easy guidance in policy, institutional and legal aspects required to be considered for proper planning, designing, construction and sustainable use of constructed wetlands technology. These guidelines will contribute towards improving sanitation delivery services in areas without access to conventional sanitation systems and hence will improve the environmental protection against pollution. In Tanzania, the need for guidance in policy, institutional and legal aspects during planning, designing, construction and implementation of constructed wetlands technology is paramount important due to poor institutional arrangement pertaining to issues of sanitation and due to unsuccessful stories given for some of the implemented constructed wetlands in some parts of the country. It is hoped that when these guidelines are properly followed and adhered to, it will yield a positive results in terms of proper planning, designing construction and implementation of the technology. The methodologies used were documents review and interview

Suitability of Moshi Pumice for Phosphorus Sorption in Constructed Wetlands

The study of Moshi Pumice\u2019s phosphorus sorption behaviours and properties was carried out in laboratory scale where by 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm and 4-8 mm grains were tested using batch experiments. The results show that Moshi Pumice has high phosphorus sorption capacity. The sorption capacity for the Moshi Pumice was 2.5 g P/kg. For 1-2mm and 4- 8mm grains; about 50% of phosphorus sorption in Moshi Pumice occurs in the first 18 and 20 hours, respectively. Compared to 4-8mm and 2-4mm grains, temperature didn\u2019t significantly influence phosphorus sorption on 1-2mm grain. Moshi Pumice has high potential for phosphorus removal from wastewaters and it can be recommended to be used as a substrate in constructed wetlands to remove phosphorus

Performance Analysis of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Constructed Wetland for Community Based Wastewater in Dar Es Salam, Tanzania

The treatment performance of community based (decentralized) wastewater treatment systems are not monitored by municipalities in Tanzania and therefore these systems pose pollution threat to receiving water bodies. The aim of this research is to assess and compare the treatment performance of existing community based technologies which are affordable, manageable and climate compatible in Tanzania. The selected existing decentralized technologies for this study were Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) found in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam and Constructed Wetland (CW) found in Mbagala, Dar es Salaam. Wastewater samples in and out of these systems were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters. The observed average effluent concentration of BOD5 (67.5, 90 mg/L), NH3-N (276.6, 115.7 mg/L), PO4-P (13.2, 17.7 mg/L) and FC (9 x106, 4.2x106 counts/100mL) in ABR and CW, respectively testified to an inferior standard of treatment caused by mismanaged operation and maintenance. Both ABR and CW with slight adjustment were found to be effective in removal of all physical, chemical and biological parameters

Drivers of Human‒wildlife interactions in a co-existence area: a case study of the Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania

Communities in Africa bordering national parks or protected areas commonly overlap with wildlife. However, it is unclear to what degree such overlaps result in interactions with wildlife. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) was designated a multiple land-use conservation area in 1959. Maasai and Datoga pastoralists and Hadzabe hunter-gatherers reside with protected wildlife in NCA. The study was carried out in four Maasai villages within the NCA, including Kayapus, Endulen, Meshili, and Nainokanoka. A cross-sectional study was used to assess drivers of human‒wildlife interactions using questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, and field visits. A total of 396 households participated in the survey. The collected data were analysed using qualitative data analysis techniques and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and means. The habitat, which comprises water, pasture, shelter, and space, accounted for 100% of interactions, indicating that it is the primary driver of human‒wildlife conflict. Other driving factors for human‒wildlife interactions are the increase in wildlife, collections of firewood, domestic animals kept, and influence of community sleeping arrangements, searching for traditional medicines, and killing of lions for ritual purposes or defense. Large household sizes (36 family members) coupled with climate change have also driven and fuelled human‒wildlife interactions. Challenges identified as threatening human‒wildlife co-existence are injuries, deaths, disease transmission, and destruction of property. To mitigate human‒wildlife conflicts, the following are recommended: the increase in boarding schools coupled with the increase in enrolment of students in boarding schools or providing reliable transport, distribution of tap water, increasing food assistance to the community living in poverty, controlling population increase through reallocation the population in other areas, introducing zero-grazing, using biogas, discouraging community sleeping arrangements, i.e., humans with calves in the same house, improving record-keeping of the wildlife attacks, provisional dissemination of research findings to the community

Drivers of Human‒wildlife interactions in a co-existence area: a case study of the Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania

Abstract Communities in Africa bordering national parks or protected areas commonly overlap with wildlife. However, it is unclear to what degree such overlaps result in interactions with wildlife. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) was designated a multiple land-use conservation area in 1959. Maasai and Datoga pastoralists and Hadzabe hunter-gatherers reside with protected wildlife in NCA. The study was carried out in four Maasai villages within the NCA, including Kayapus, Endulen, Meshili, and Nainokanoka. A cross-sectional study was used to assess drivers of human‒wildlife interactions using questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions, and field visits. A total of 396 households participated in the survey. The collected data were analysed using qualitative data analysis techniques and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and means. The habitat, which comprises water, pasture, shelter, and space, accounted for 100% of interactions, indicating that it is the primary driver of human‒wildlife conflict. Other driving factors for human‒wildlife interactions are the increase in wildlife, collections of firewood, domestic animals kept, and influence of community sleeping arrangements, searching for traditional medicines, and killing of lions for ritual purposes or defense. Large household sizes (36 family members) coupled with climate change have also driven and fuelled human‒wildlife interactions. Challenges identified as threatening human‒wildlife co-existence are injuries, deaths, disease transmission, and destruction of property. To mitigate human‒wildlife conflicts, the following are recommended: the increase in boarding schools coupled with the increase in enrolment of students in boarding schools or providing reliable transport, distribution of tap water, increasing food assistance to the community living in poverty, controlling population increase through reallocation the population in other areas, introducing zero-grazing, using biogas, discouraging community sleeping arrangements, i.e., humans with calves in the same house, improving record-keeping of the wildlife attacks, provisional dissemination of research findings to the community