Pakistan’s Kashmir-Hazara Zone and the October 08, 2005 Earthquake

A mega shallow depth earthquake originated from the Pakistan’s Kashmir Hazara Zone (KHZ). The KHZ under the context of regional surface and sub-surface geology displays a complex seismotectonic scenario. Its earthquake prone structures occur both exposed on the surface as major faults/folds and also at depth beneath the surface as mega crustal deformations. Former are visible and have been investigated geologically by mapping and their surface behaviour verified by various geophysical methods, whereas the deeper ones interpreted by the monitoring of seismotectonic events. The Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis (KHS) is an anomalous folded structure which emanates from the Pir Panjal Range in Kashmir and extends northwards till Balakot where its western limb takes a loop to the southwest and extends with this trend towards Muzaffarabad. The Jhelum Thrust (JT) is a terminal branch of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the recent shallow depth (16 km.), Mw = 7.7 earthquake of October 08, 2005 and aftershocks are located on the western limb of KHS and are the product of release of energy stored in this zone by the convergence of KHS. The earthquake moment ranged between 2 and 3 x 1027 dyne.cm and rupture time was ≈ 30 sec. The patch of the fault that slipped during the earthquake may be approximated by an ellipse of 50-70 km. length in the NW-SE direction and 20-30 km. wide in the transverse direction. The length of this patch is in fair agreement with the length of the fault along which significant surface deformation is observed in the field, from Balakot to the mountains south of Hattian

Some Seismological Characteristics of Mw 6.5 Pishin-Ziarat October 29, 2008 Double Earthquake

On October 29, 2008 two shallow focused earthquakes of Mw 6.5 struck the Pishin-Ziarat districts of Baluchistan in Pakistan. Both seismic events took place between 12 hours of each other with Intensity X and have been termed as Double Earthquake. The Earthquakes are located approximately 50 km northeast of the region of most intense damage from the Pakistan earthquake of May 30, 1935 (Mw 7.8), which is estimated to have killed 35,000 people. Field observations in the earthquake affected areas were undertaken field observations along previously mapped seismically active Gogai, Bibai and Kawas Tangi faults and study Seismological Characteristics such as surface rupture, displacements, rock falls, landslides, slumping and liquefactions. More than 1500 aftershocks of Mw 3.5 have been recorded up till April, 30, 2009 with many felt in an area of around 350 sq km, which left around 400 people killed, 70,000 homeless including 30,000 children. All the aftershocks were located in the Suleiman fold-and-thrust belt, a region where geologically young Tertiary sedimentary rocks have been folded and squeezed by forces associated with the India-Eurasia collision. The earthquakes are located approximately 80 km east of the 650-km-long Chaman fault, which is a major left-lateral strikeslip fault that accommodates a significant amount of the slip across the plate boundary. The occurrence of the earthquakes suggests that other strike-slip faults are present beneath the fold-and-thrust belt and that they accommodate some of the relative motion of the India and Eurasia plates

Seismotectonic Contours of Kashmir-Hazara Region and Seismological Aspects of October 08, 2005 Earthquake

During the wee hours of October 08, 2005, a devastating shallow focused (16.2 km) earthquake with moment magnitude of Mw 7.7 occurred in the Pakistan’s Kashmir Hazara Region. Its tremors were felt in a radius of over 1000 km with damages taking place in an area of 36000 sq km. More than 0.1 million people died and the rehabilitation of infrastructures damages are estimated to cost around five billion dollars. The Kashmir Hazara terrain is located on the NW margin of lesser Himalaya. The KHS is one of the bold tectonic scars which physically isolate this terrain from rest of the Himalaya. Other major tectonic features sculpturing this terrain in the shape of folds and faults are: Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Panjal Thrust (PT), Hazara Thrust (HT) and the Indus Valley Faults. All these mega structures are the abode of variable seismicity and generate earthquakes of low to high (damaging) magnitude. The seismic zones of the mega-crustal deformations in the Kashmir Hazara terrain, from where the earthquakes emanate generally lies between 10 – 60 km surface depths. The earthquakes generated at this depth are categorized as shallow and are usually more hazardous. The earthquake resulted from the subduction of Indo-Pakistan plate beneath the Eurasian plate and it ruptured the southwest Jhelum Thrust (JT) fault. The fault was previously inferred to be as active in a region where the river incises directly into the Murree sandstones on the west side of the valley (footwall of JT), while it has abandoned large inset terraces along the east side (hanging wall of JT). The occurrence of Kashmir-Hazara earthquake confirms that the active Jhelum Thrust (JT) and Jhelum Fault (JF), in a region located well north of the Main Himalayan Frontal Thrust, accommodate roughly EW-oriented, present day shortening related to “zipper tectonics” within the part of the Kashmir Hazara Syntaxis (KHS). Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity was X at Balakot, situated on the hanging wall side of the causative fault and the maximum ground motions in the same area were inferred to be 0.90 ‘g’ from overturned vehicles in the direction parallel to the axis of valley

Eighty years of CIRM. A journey of commitment and dedication in providing maritime medical assistance

Background: A review of activities of Centro Internazionale Radio Medico (International Radio Medical Centre, CIRM) from its foundation in 1935 until its 80th anniversary in 2015 was accomplished. CIRM was founded in 1935 to provide medical assistance via radio to ships with no doctor on board and other distant patients who cannot be reached by a doctor. In 1950 CIRM was established as a non-profit-making foundation and has benefited since 1957 from an annual contribution from the Italian government. Methods: Review of CIRM case histories and other published material from 1935 to 2015 and presenting them in a scientific yet simplified manner through the use of basic mathematical analysis. All the data was collected from CIRM’s official archives in Rome. Results and Conclusions: The results achieved by the Centre over 80 years include medical assistance to 81,016 patients on board ships (as well as on small islands and aircraft), with more than 500,000 medical messages received and transmitted. CIRM from its inception was organised into a medical service, a telecommunications service and a studies section. In 2002 the Centre was recognised as the Italian Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service (TMAS). In the 2010 the Centre was reorganised as a structure articulated in 4 departments, namely maritime telemedicine, telecommunication, research and occupational medicine. This was achieved to cover the different activities related to comprehensive health protection of seafarers. The 24-h continuous medical service is provided by doctors at the CIRM headquarters. The doctor on duty gives instructions for managing the case and continues to follow the patient with subsequent appointments until recovery or landing. In case of emergencies CIRM co-ordinates the transfer of patients assisted on board ships to a hospital ashore. CIRM has developed innovative approaches for the treatment of diseases and accidents on board of seagoing vessels by introducing standard telemedicine equipment on board ships, allowing the transmission of biomedical data from ships to the Centre. These new solutions are aimed at bringing a significant improvement of medical care for seafarers

Ramli Sarip M Nasir Antara falsafah dan persahabatan

Bukan singkat usia persahabatan mereka dan dalam tempoh ini masing-masing sudah mengenali antara satu sama lain dengan lebih dekat danmenjadikan persahabatan antara Datuk Ramli Sarip dan Datuk M.Nasir begitu utuh

Teruja kongsi pengalaman

Perjalanan yang mereka lalui begitu jauh dan pastinya pengalaman yang sudah ditempuh oleh Ramli Sarip dan M Nasir juga tidak terhitung banyaknya.Tidak pernah mendabik dada dengan apa yang telah dikecapi, kedua-­dua leganda muzik tanah air ini bersependapat yang masih banyak perkara yang perlu diterokai

Numerical Comparison of Methods for Hirota-Satsuma Model

This paper outlines the implementation of the modified decomposition method (MDM) to solve a very important physical model namely Hirota-Satsuma model which occurs quite often in applied sciences. Numerical results and comparisons with homotopy perturbation (HPM) and Adomian’s decomposition (ADM) methods explicitly reveal the complete reliability of the proposed MDM. It is observed that the suggested algorithm (MDM) is more user-friendly and is easier to implement compared to HPM and ADM

Poly(Homopiperazine−Amide) Thin-Film Composite Membrane for Nanofiltration of Heavy Metal Ions

The development of membrane-based technologies for the treatment of wastewater streams and resources containing heavy metal ions is in high demand. Among various technologies, nanofiltration (NF) membranes are attractive choices, and the continuous development of novel materials to improve the state-ofthe- art NF membranes is highly desired. Here, we report on the synthesis of poly(homopiperazine−amide) thin-film composite (HTFC)-NF membranes, using homopiperazine (HP) as a monomer. The surface charge, hydrophilicity, morphology, crosslinking density, water permeation, solute rejection, and antifouling properties of the fabricated NF membranes were evaluated. The fabricated HTFC NF membranes demonstrated water permeability of 7.0 ± 0.3 L/(m2 h bar) and rejected Na2SO4, MgSO4, and NaCl with rejection values of 97.0 ± 0.6, 97.4 ± 0.5, and 23.3 ± 0.6%, respectively. The membranes exhibit high rejection values of 98.1 ± 0.3 and 96.3 ± 0.4% for Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively. The fouling experiment with humic acid followed by cross-flow washing of the membranes indicates that a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 96.9 ± 0.4% can be obtained

Dental hygiene habits and oral health status of seafarers

Background: This study has assessed the dental hygiene habits and problems of seafarers and their attitudes/ perceptions regarding oral hygiene using a dental hygiene/habits questionnaire. Materials and methods: A research questionnaire on oral hygiene habits was prepared along with a summary of all the questions and sent to ships via e-mail by Centro Internazionale Radio Medico (CIRM) networks. CIRM, is the Italian Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service (TMAS), and represents the Centre with the largest number of seafarers assisted on board ships worldwide. CIRM proposed the questionnaire to all ships (n = 1,198) asking for medical advice from 1 July 2014 till 31 October 2014. Two dental professionals were involved in the development and analysis of the questionnaire. Results: Seafarers are at risk of several dental health problems due to their oral hygiene and dietary habits, smoking and alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene knowledge and motivation. Dietary habits during voyages were also questionable and seafarers consume food rich in fermentable carbohydrates, which is a major risk factor for dental caries. Conclusions: Seafarers need better oral hygiene education and care to enable them to manage their oral health in a better way. Life at the sea, under challenging circumstances is not without stress, that is why it is important that seafarers are given complete information about correct oral hygiene protocols and dental hygiene and the advantages for their health of keeping a healthy mouth.

Comparative performance of hybrid SCM SAC-OCDMA system using complementary and AND subtraction detection techniques

This paper presents the comparative performance of two detection schemes based on subtraction detection technique for a hybrid scheme of subcarrier multiplexed spectral-amplitude-coding optical code division multiple access (SCM SAC-OCDMA) system. SAC-OCDMA systems are receiving more attention because of their ability to completely eliminate multi access interference by using code sequences with fixed in-phase cross correlation. On the other hand, the SCM scheme is capable of improving the channel data rate of OCDMA systems. This hybrid scheme is proposed for the benefit of combining the advantages of both schemes. Consequently, the hybrid system is robust against interference and is much more spectrally efficient. Double weight code family is a new code structure used for SAC-OCDMA system. The experimental simulation results show that the proposed new AND subtraction detection technique improve the system performance significantly