Is aging raw cattle urine efficient for sampling Anopheles arabiensis Patton?

Background: To ensure sustainable routine surveillance of mosquito vectors, simple, effective and ethically acceptable tools are required. As a part of that, we evaluated the efficiency of resting boxes baited with fresh and aging cattle urine for indoor and outdoor sampling of An. arabiensis in the lower Moshi rice irrigation schemes. Methods: A cattle urine treatment and re-treatment schedule was used, including a box with a piece of cloth retreated with urine daily, and once after 3 and 7 day. Resting box with piece of black cloth not treated with urine was used as a control. Each treatment was made in pair for indoor and outdoor sampling. A 4 by 4 Latin square design was used to achieve equal rotation of each of the four treatments across the experimental houses. Sampling was done over a period of 6 months, once per week. Results: A total of 7871 mosquitoes were collected throughout the study period. 49.8% of the mosquitoes were collected from resting box treated with urine daily; 21.6% and 20.0% were from boxes treated 3 and 7 days respectively. Only 8.6% were from untreated resting box (control). The proportion collected indoors was similar to 2 folds greater than the outdoor. Of all mosquitoes, 12.3% were unfed, 4.1% full fed, 34.2% semi-gravid and 49.4% gravid. Conclusion: Fresh and decaying cattle urine odour baited resting boxes offer an alternative tool for sampling particularly semi-gravid and gravid An. arabiensis. Evaluation in low density seasons of An. arabiensis in different ecological settings remains necessary. This sampling method may be standardized for replacing human landing catch

Feeding and resting behaviour of malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis with reference to zooprophylaxis

The most important factor for effective zooprophylaxis in reducing malaria transmission is a predominant population of a strongly zoophilic mosquito, Anopheles arabiensis. The feeding preference behaviour of Anopheline mosquitoes was evaluated in odour-baited entry trap (OBET). Mosquitoes were captured daily using odour-baited entry traps, light traps and hand catch both indoor and in pit traps. Experimental huts were used for release and recapture experiment. The mosquitoes collected were compared in species abundances. Anopheles arabiensis was found to account for over 99% of Anopheles species collected in the study area in Lower Moshi, Northern Tanzania. In experimental release/capture trials conducted at the Mabogini verandah huts, An. arabiensis was found to have higher exophilic tendency (80.7%) compared to Anopheles gambiae (59.7%) and Culex spp. (60.8%). OBET experiments conducted at Mabogini collected a total of 506 An. arabiensis in four different trials involving human, cattle, sheep, goat and pig. Odours from the cattle attracted 90.3% (243) compared to odours from human, which attracted 9.7% (26) with a significant difference at P = 0.005. Odours from sheep, goat and pig attracted 9.7%, 7.2% and 7.3%, respectively. Estimation of HBI in An. arabiensis collected from houses in three lower Moshi villages indicated lower ratios for mosquitoes collected from houses with cattle compared to those without cattles. HBI was also lower in mosquitoes collected outdoors (0.1-0.3) compared to indoor (0.4-0.9). In discussing the results, reference has been made to observation of exophilic, zoophilic and feeding tendencies of An. arabiensis, which are conducive for zooprophylaxis. It is recommended that in areas with a predominant An. arabiensis population, cattle should be placed close to dwelling houses in order to maximize the effects of zooprophylaxis. Protective effects of human from malaria can further be enhanced by keeping cattle in surroundings of residences

Role of cattle treated with deltamethrine in areas with a high population of Anopheles arabiensis in Moshi, Northern Tanzania

Malaria control measures were initiated from in October 2005 to August 2006 in the Lower Moshi irrigation schemes, Tanzania. This manuscript reports on the entomological evaluation of the impact of pyrethroid-treated cattle in reducing the population of the Anopheles arabiensis for selected houses in the Lower Moshi irrigation scheme. Cattle were sprayed with the pyrethroid (deltamethrin) acaricide. Grazing and non-grazing cattles were compared and assessed for difference in knockdown resistance (kdr) time using cone or contact bioassay and residual effect (mortality). In experimental huts, mortality was compared between the huts with treated and untreated cattle. Results from contact bioassays of cattle treated with deltamethrin showed a knockdown effect of 50% within 21 days for grazing cattle and 29 days for non-grazing cattle. Residual effect at 50% was achieved within 17 days for grazing cattle compared to 24 days for inshed cattle. In discussing the results, reference has been made to the exophilic and zoophilic tendencies of An. arabiensis, which are conducive for zooprophylaxis. Experimental studies in Verandah huts at Mabogini compared An. arabiensis and Culex spp collected from huts with different baits, i e. human, untreated cow and treated cow. Results indicate higher mortality rates in mosquitoes collected from the hut containing the treated cow (mean = 2) compared to huts with untreated cow (mean = 0.3) and human (mean = 0.8). A significantly higher number of Culex spp. was recorded in huts with treated cows compared to the rest. This study has demonstrated the role of cattle treated with pyrethroid in the control of malaria and reduction of vector density. It showed that, in areas with a predominant An. arabiensis population, cattle should be placed close to dwelling houses in order to maximize the effects of zooprophylaxis. Protective effects of cattle can further be enhanced by regular treatment with pyrethroids at least every three weeks. This paper demonstrates that cattle can be considered as Insecticide-Treated Material (ITM) as long as acaricide treatment is conducted regularly

Knowledge, attitudes and acceptability to provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling: patients’ perspectives in Moshi and Rombo Districts, Tanzania

Provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) is referred to as routine testing in a clinical setting as part of a standard programme of medical services. PITC is initiated in order to avoid missed opportunities for people to get tested for HIV. While advocated as a strategy, there is dearth of information on patients’ views on PITC in a number of districts in Tanzania. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and acceptability to PITC services among patients attending health care facilities in rural and urban settings in Kilimanjaro region A total of 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 99 (73 female and 26 male) patients enrolled into out-patient clinics in 8 (2 hospitals and 6 primary care centers) health facilities in Moshi Urban and Rombo districts in northern Tanzania. The study explored on knowledge, attitudes and acceptability of PITC, perceived benefits and barriers of PITC, and ethical issues related to PITC. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing and Theorizing (NUDIST) software.  Knowledge about PITC services was generally low. Compared to men, women had a more positive attitude towards PITC services, because of its ability to identify and treat undiagnosed HIV cases. HIV stigma was regarded as a major barrier to patients’ uptake of PITC. Institutional factors such as lack of supplies and human resources were identified as barriers to successful provision of PITC. In conclusion, the findings highlight both opportunities and potential barriers in the successful uptake of PITC, and underscore the importance of informed consent, counseling and confidentiality and the need for specific strategies on advocacy for the service

SHORT-TERM USEFULNESS, BEHAVIORAL INTENTION, DAN USE BEHAVIOR MOBILE LEARNING SISWA SMK DI KOTA MAKASSAR

This study aims to identify factors that affect the use of mobile learning vocational of students in Makassar. Type of quantitative research studies nonexperimental kind of ex-post facto. These samples included 450 students of three SMK Negeri three in Makassar selected by stratified random sampling. The technique of collecting data using questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that short-term usefulness contribute directly to the behavioral intention of 0.64 (64%) and contributed indirectly through behavioral intention to use mobile learning behavior of 0.42 (42%), while the behavioral intention to contribute directly to use mobile learning behavior of 0.66 (66%). Thus, short-term usefulness and behavioral intention to influence the level of use of mobile learning by vocational students either directly or indirectly

IS Success Model for EDMODO E-learning User Satisfaction through TAM on Students

This study aimed to analyze the effect of IS Success Model variable on Edmodo's e-learning user satisfaction partially, both directly and indirectly through the TAM variable. This research was conducted through an ex-post-facto approach to undergraduate students. Data collection instruments used questionnaire and observation. The questionnaire was developed from the technology acceptance model (TAM) and information system (IS) success model. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and path analysis using IBM SPSS 20 program. The results showed that the three core variables of the IS Success model directly had a significant effect on the two core variables of TAM, and the two core variables of TAM directly affected user satisfaction. Indirectly, the three core variables of IS Success model had a significant effect on user satisfaction through the two core variables of TAM. Service Quality, also, to provide a more significant direct effect on perceived usefulness, also indirectly influenced user satisfaction through perceived usefulness. Perceived ease of use had more significant direct and indirect effects through perceived usefulness on Edmodo e-learning user satisfaction.  

Exploring the Self-Regulated Learning Skills of Physics Students in an Online Learning Environment

This research investigates the factors of students' self-regulated learning (SRL) skills in online learning environments from the demographic perspectives of gender and major. The study employs a survey design and involves 103 students selected through simple random sampling. Data collection uses the SOL-Q questionnaire and observation. The collected data is analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. The research results indicate that among the five components of SRL, the environmental structure obtained a high score, meaning that environmental structure contributes significantly to SRL in online learning for physics and non-physics majors. Meanwhile, time management received a low score, indicating that time management contributes less to SRL. There is no significant difference in each component of SRL based on gender and major. Furthermore, there is no significant effect of gender and major on the level of SR

PENGGUNAAN DIGITAL BOOK DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SEJARAH PESERTA DIDIK SMA NEGERI 11 MAKASSAR

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan Digital Book berbasis web offline dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar Sejarah peserta didik kelas XI IPA SMA Negeri 11 Makassar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pre-eksperimen. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMA Negeri 11 Makassar. Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 36 orang siswa yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi, dan teknik tes. Analisis data menggunakan statistik inferensial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil uji N-Gain menunjukkan bahwa skor yang di peroleh adalah sebesar 0,7 yang berada pada kategori tinggi, dan penggunaan digital Book berbasis web offline di peroleh nilai efektivitas sebesar 77,4%, sehingga dapat di simpulkan bahwa penggunaan digital Book berbasis web offline sangat efektif dalam menunjang mata pelajaran Sejarah, karena digital Book berbasis web offline ini mudah di akses tanpa koneksi internet. Dengan demikian penggunaan digital Book berbasis web offline efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar Sejarah peserta didik kelas XI IPA 1 SMA Negeri 11 Makassar