7 research outputs found
Characterization and pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs associated with black foot disease in algerian grapevine nurseries, with the description of Pleiocarpon algeriense sp. nov
[EN] During a survey of black foot disease in Algerian grapevine nurseries, a collection of 79 Cylindrocarpon-like isolates were obtained. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of histone H3 (his3), three species of Dactylonectria were identified including Dactylonectria torresensis (40 isolates), D. macrodidyma (24 isolates) and D. novozelandica (14 isolates). In addition, one isolate belonging to the genus Pleiocarpon was found and it is described here as a new species, Pleiocarpon algeriense, based on morphological features and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), beta-tubulin (tub2), large subunit nrDNA (LSU) and histone H3 (his3). This is the first time that these species are reported in Algeria. Pathogenicity tests, were conducted with representative isolates from each species. All of them were able to induce typical necrosis symptoms on grapevine cuttings. These results emphasize the urgent need to implement an integrated management strategy for black foot disease in Algerian grapevine nurseries in order to reduce the incidence of this disease on grapevine planting material and to prevent that it spreads to new grapevine production areas.Much of this work was supported by the laboratory of the Grupo de Investigacion en Hongos Fitopatogenos, Instituto Agroforestal Mediterraneo (IAM), Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Spain. W. Aigoun-Mouhous thanks the University of Blida for funding the research stay in Valencia, Spain. G. Elena was supported by the Spanish post-doctoral grant Juan de la Cierva-Formacion. A. Cabral was supported by Portuguese national funds through FundacAo para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia grant SFRH/BPD/84508/2012 and FCT Unit funding UID/AGR/04129/2013. This work was also supported by EFRR "Multidisciplinary research to increase application potential of nanomaterials in agricultural practice" (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_025/0007314).Aigoun-Mouhous, W.; Elena-JimĂ©nez, G.; Cabral, A.; LeĂłn Santana, M.; Sabaou, N.; Armengol FortĂ, J.; Chaouia, C.... (2019). Characterization and pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs associated with black foot disease in algerian grapevine nurseries, with the description of Pleiocarpon algeriense sp. nov. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 154(4):887-901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01708-zS8879011544Abreo, E., Martinez, S., Bettucci, L., & Lupo, S. (2010). Morphological and molecular characterisation of Campylocarpon and Cylindrocarpon spp. associated with black foot disease of grapevines in Uruguay. Australasian Plant Pathology, 39(5), 446–452.AgustĂ-Brisach, C., & Armengol, J. (2013). Black-foot disease of grapevine: an update on taxonomy, epidemiology and management strategies. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52, 245–261.AgustĂ-Brisach, C., Gramaje, D., GarcĂa-JimĂ©nez, J., & Armengol, J. (2013). Detection of Blackfoot disease pathogens in the grapevine nursery propagation process in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 137, 103–112.AgustĂ-Brisach, C., Mostert, L., & Armengol, J. (2014). Detection and quantification of Ilyonectria spp. associated with black-foot disease of grapevine in nursery soils using multiplex nested PCR and quantitative PCR. Plant Pathology, 63(2), 316–322.AgustĂ-Brisach, C., Cabral, A., González-DomĂnguez, E., PĂ©rez-Sierra, A., LeĂłn, M., Abad-Campos, P., & Armengol, J. (2016). Characterization of Cylindrodendrum, Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria isolates associated with loquat decline in Spain, with description of Cylindrodendrum alicantinum sp. nov. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 145(1), 103–118.Aiello, D., Polizzi, G., Crous, P. W., & Lombard, L. (2017). Pleiocarpon gen. nov. and a new species of Ilyonectria causing basal rot of Strelitzia reginae in Italy. IMA Fungus, 8(1), 65–76.Alaniz, S., LeĂłn, M., Vicent, A., GarcĂa-JimĂ©nez, J., Abad-Campos, P., & Armengol, J. (2007). Characterization of Cylindrocarpon species associated with black foot disease of grapevine in Spain. Plant Disease, 91(9), 1187–1193.Alaniz, S., Armengol, J., LeĂłn, M., GarcĂa-JimĂ©nez, J., & Abad-Campos, P. (2009). Analysis of genetic and virulence diversity of Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum associated with black foot disease of grapevine. Mycological Research, 113(1), 16–23.Alvarez, L.A., Tamayo, D., Castilla, C., Munive, J., AgustĂ-Brisach, C., Gramaje, D. & Armengol, J. (2012). Occurrence of grapevine trunk pathogens in nurseries and vineyards in the northern and southern coast of Peru. 8 th International Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases, Valencia, 18-21, juin 2012.Ammad, F., Benchabane, M., & Toumi, M. (2014). Diversity of fungal trunk pathogens associated with grapevine dieback of grapevine in Algeria. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7, 35–39.Armengol, J., Vicent, A., GarcĂa-JimĂ©nez, J., GarcĂa-Figueres, F., & TornĂ©, L. (2001). Fungi associated with esca and grapevine declines in Spain: a three-year survey. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 40(40, 3), 1000–1005.Aroca, A., GarcĂťa-Figueres, F., Bracamonte, L., Luque, J., & Raposo, R. (2006). A survey of trunk disease pathogens within rootstocks of grapevines in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 115(2), 195.Auger, J., Esterio, M., & PĂ©rez, I. (2007). First report of black foot disease of grapevine caused by Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum in Chile. Plant Disease, 91, 470.Badour, C. (1969). Gangrène ou Pied noir. Le Vigneron Champenois, 5, 197–201.Berlanas, C., LĂłpez-Manzanares, B., & Gramaje, D. (2017). Estimation of viable propagules of black-foot disease pathogens in grapevine cultivated soils and their relation to production systems and soil properties. Plant and Soil, 417, 467–479.Berraf, A., & Peros, J. (2005). Importance of Eutypa dieback and esca in Algeria and structure of the associated fungal community. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 39(3), 121–128.Berraf-Tebbal, A., Bouznad, Z., Santos, J. M., Coelho, M., Peros, J. P., & Phillips, A. J. L. (2011). Phaeoacremonium species associated with Eutypa dieback and esca of grapevines in Algeria. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50(4), 86–97.Berraf-Tebbal, A., Guereiro, M. A., & Phillips, A. J. (2014). Phylogeny of Neofusicoccum species associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Algeria, with description of Neofusicoccum algeriense sp. nov. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 53, 416–427.Bertsch, C., RamĂrez-Suero, M., Magnin-Robert, M., Larignon, P., Chong, J., Abou-Mansour, E., Spagnolo, A., ClĂ©ment, C., & Fontaine, F. (2013). Grapevine trunk diseases: complex and still poorly understood. Plant Pathology, 62(2), 243–265.Cabral, A., Rego, C., Nascimento, T., Oliveira, H., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2012a). Multi-gene analysis and morphology reveal novel Ilyonectria species associated with black foot disease of grapevines. Fungal Biology, 116(1), 62–80.Cabral, A., Groenewald, J. Z., Rego, C., Oliveira, H., & Crous, P. W. (2012b). Cylindrocarpon root rot: multi-gene analysis reveals novel species within Ilyonectria radicicola species complex. Mycological Progress, 11, 655–688.Carlucci, A., Francesco, L., Mostert, L., Halleen, F., & Raimondo, M. L. (2017). Occurrence fungi causing black foot on young grapevines and nursery rootstock plants in Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 56(1), 10–39.Chaverri, P., Salgado, C., Hirooka, Y., Rossman, A., & Samuels, G. (2011). Delimitation of Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and related genera with Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs. Studies in Mycology, 68, 57–78.Crous, P. W., Gams, W., Stalpers, J. A., Robert, V., & Stegehuis, G. (2004a). MycoBank: an online initiative to launch mycology into the 21st century. Studies in Mycology, 50, 19–12.Crous, P. W., Groenewald, J. Z., Risède, J.-M., Simoneau, P., & Hywel-Jones, N. L. (2004b). Calonectria species and their Cylindrocladium anamorphs: species with sphaeropedunculate vesicles. Studies in Mycology, 50, 415–430.Crous, P. W., Verkley, G. J. M., Groenewald, J. Z., & Samson, R. A. (2009). CBS Laboratory manual series 1: Fungal biodiversity. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Debray, F. (1892). Apoplexie de la vigne. Progres Agricole et Viticole, 17, 528–531.Dubrovsky, S., & Fabritius, A. L. (2007). Occurrence of Cylindrocarpon spp. in nursery grapevines in California. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 46(1), 84–86.Fourie, P., & Halleen, F. (2001). Diagnosis of fungal diseases and their involvement in dieback disease of young vines. Wynboer, 149, 19–23.Fourie, P., & Halleen, F. (2004). Occurrence of grapevine trunk disease pathogens in rootstock mother plants in South Africa. Australasian Plant Pathology, 33(2), 313–315.Gardes, M., & Bruns, T. D. (1993). ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology, 2, 113–118.Garrido, L. D. R., SĂ´nego, O. R., & Urben, A. F. (2004). Cylindrocarpon destructans causal agent of grapevine black-foot in Rio Grande do Sul. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 29(5), 548–550.Glass, N. L., & Donaldson, G. (1995). Development of primer sets designed for use with PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 1323–1330.Gramaje, D., & Armengol, J. (2011). Fungal trunk pathogens in the grapevine propagation process: potential inoculum sources, detection, identification, and management strategies. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1040–1055.Gramaje, D., & Di Marco, S. (2015). Identifying practices likely to have impacts on grapevine trunk disease infections: a European nursery survey. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 54(2), 313–324.Gramaje, D., Armengol, J., Colino, M., Santiago, R., Moralejo, E., Olmo, D., Luque, J., & Mostert, L. (2009). First report of Phaeoacremonium inflatipes, P. iranianum and P. sicilianum causing Petri disease of grapevine in Spain. Plant Disease, 93, 964.Gramaje, D., Ăšrbez-Torres, J. R., & Sosnowski, M. R. (2018). Managing grapevine trunk diseases with respect to etiology and epidemiology: current strategies and future prospects. Plant Disease, 102(4), 12–39.Halleen, F., Crous, R., & Petrin, O. (2003). Fungi associated with healthy grapevine cuttings in nurseries, with special reference to pathogens involved in the decline of young vines. Australasian Plant Pathology, 32(1), 47–52.Halleen, F., Schroers, H. J., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2004). Novel species of Cylindrocarpon (Neonectria) and Campylocarpon gen. Nov. associated with black foot disease of grapevines (Vitis spp.). Studies in Mycology, 50(2), 431–455.Halleen, F., Schroers, H. J., Groenewald, J. Z., Rego, C., Oliveira, H., & Crous, P. W. (2006). Neonectria liriodendri sp. nov., the main causal agent of black foot disease of grapevines. Studies in Mycology, 55, 227–234.Hallenn, F., Fourie, P. H., & Crous, P. W. (2006). A review of black foot disease of grapevine. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 45(4), 55–67.Hofstetter, V., Casieri, L., Viret, O., & Gindro, K. (2009). Esca de la vigne et communautĂ© fongique. Revue suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic, 41, 247–253.Hofstetter, V., Dubuis, P. H., Zufferey, V., Fabre, A. L., Viret, O., & Gindro, K. (2017). Maladies du bois de la vigne: Ă©tat des lieux et axes de recherche d’Agroscope. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, d'Arboriculture et d'Horticulture, 49(2), 88–96.Kumar, S., Stecher, G., & Tamura, K. (2015). MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33, 1870–1874.Larignon, P. (2012). Maladies cryptogamiques du bois de la vigne : symptomatologie et agents pathogènes. http://www.vignevin.com , 2-5.Larignon, P. (2016). Maladies cryptogamiques du bois de la vigne : symptomatologie et agents pathogènes. http://www.vignevin.com , 2ème Ă©dition, 23-27.Levadoux, L., Benabderrabou, A., & Douaouri, B. (1971). Ampelographie algerienne; cepages de cuve et de table cultives en Algerie. p 118Lombard, L., Van Der Merwe, A., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2014). Lineages in Nectriaceae: re-evaluating the generic status of Ilyonectria and allied genera. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 53(3), 515–532.Maluta, D., & Larignon, P. (1991). Pied-noir: mieux vaut prĂ©venir. Viticulture, 11, 71–72.Miller, M. A., Pfeiffer, W., & Schwartz, T. (2010). Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop, New Orleans, LA, 14 Nov 2010, pp 1-8.Moncalvo, J. M., Wang, H. H., & Hseu, R. S. (1995). Phylogenetic relationships in Ganoderma inferred from the internal transcribed spacers and 25S ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia, 87, 223–238.Mora-Sala, B., Cabral, A., LeĂłn, M., AgustĂ-Brisach, C., Armengol, J., & Abad-Campos, P. (2018). Survey, identification, and characterisation of Cylindrocarpon-like asexual morphs in Spanish forest nurseries. Plant Disease, 102, 2083–2100.Mugnai, L., Graniti, A., & Surico, G. (1999). Esca (black measles) and brown wood-streaking: two old and elusive diseases of grapevines. Plant Disease, 83, 404–418.Munive, J., Tamayo, D., Castilla, P.C., AgustĂ-Brisach, C., Gramaje, D., Armengol, J., & Alvarez, L.A. (2013). Especies de hongos de madera de vid asociados a infecciones de plantas en viveros y en campos en producciĂłn en el PerĂş XXII Congresso Peruano y XVII Congresso Latinoamericano de Fitopatologia. Lambayeque, PerĂş, 1–5, octubre 2013, 115–116.Nirenberg, H. (1976). Untersuchungen ĂĽber die morphologische und biologische Differenzierung in der Fusarium-Section Liseola. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fĂĽr Land- und Forstwirtschaft, 169, 1–117.O’Donnell, K., & Cigelnik, E. (1997). Two divergent intragenomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus fusarium are nonorthologous. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 7, 103–116.O’Gorman, D. T., Haag, P., & Sholberg, P. L. (2009). News diseases causing decline of wine grapes in the Okanagan valley. In: Canadian plant disease survey. The Canadian Phytopathological Society, 90, 140–143.O'Donnell, K., Sarver, B. A., Brandt, M., et al. (2007). Phylogenetic diversity and microsphere array-based genotyping of human pathogenic Fusaria, including isolates from the multistate contact lens-associated U.S. keratitis outbreaks of 2005 and 2006. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 2235–2248.Oliveira, H., Rego, M. C., & Nascimento, T. (2004). Decline of young grapevines caused by fungi. Acta Horticulturae, 652, 295–304.Ă–zben, S., Demirci, F., DeÄźirmenci, K., & Uzunok, S. (2012). First report of Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum associated with black foot diseases of grapevine in Turkey. Plant Disease, 96(5), 762–762.Petit, E., & Gubler, W. D. (2005). Characterization of Cylindrocarpon species, the cause of black foot disease of grapevine in California. Plant Disease, 89, 1051–1059.Petit, E., Barriault, E., Baumgartner, K., Wilcox, W. F., & Rolshausen, P. E. (2011). Cylindrocarpon species associated with black-foot of grapevine in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 62, 177–183.Ravaz, L. (1905). Sur la cause du dĂ©pĂ©rissement des vignes de la Tunisie, de l'AlgĂ©rie et du Midi de la France. (Ursache des ZurĂĽckgehens der Reben in Tunis, Algier und SĂĽdfrankreich): JSTOR.Rayner, R. W. (1970). A mycological colour chart. A mycological colour chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute and British Mycological Society. Kew Surrey. United Kingdom.Rego, M. (1994). Nova e grave micose da videira em Portugal. Agente responsável: Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholten. Publicação do LaboratĂłrio de Patologia Vegetal VerĂssimo de Almeida, 67, 1–4.Rego, C., Oliveira, H., Carvalho, A., & Phillips, A. (2000). Involvement of Phaeoacremonium spp. and Cylindrocarpon destructans with grapevine decline in Portugal [Vitis vinifera L.]. Phytopathologia Mediterranea (Italy), 39, 76–79.Reis, P., Cabral, A., Nascimento, T., Oliveira, H., & Rego, C. (2013). Diversity of Ilyonectria species in a young vineyard affected by black foot disease. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52(2), 335–346.Ridgway, H. J., Sleight, B. E., & Steward, A. (2002). Molecular evidence for the presence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in New Zealand nurseries, and its detection in rootstock mothervines using species-specific PCR. Australasian Plant Pathology, 31, 267–271.Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D. L., Darling, A., Hohna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M. A., & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2012). MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539–542.Rumbos, I., & Rumbou, A. (2001). Fungi associated with esca and young grapevine decline in Greece. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 40(3), 330–335.Santos, R. F., Blume, E., Muniz, M. F. B., Heckler, L. I., Finger, G., & Maciel, C. G. (2014). First report of Ilyonectria macrodidyma associated with black foot disease of grapevine in Brazil. Plant Disease, 98, 156.Sweetingham, M. W. (1983). Studies on the nature of the pathogenicity of soil-borne Cylindrocarpon species. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Tasmania.Urbez-Torres, J. R. (2011). The status of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 50(4), 5–45.Ăšrbez-Torres, J. R., Haag, P., Bowen, P., & O’Gorman, D. T. (2014). Grapevine trunk diseases in British Columbia: incidence and characterization of the fungal pathogens associated with black foot disease of grapevine. Plant Disease, 98(4), 56–468.Vaidya, G., Lohman, D. J., & Meier, R. (2011). SequenceMatrix: conca-tenation software for the fast assembly of multigene data-sets with character set and codon information. Cladistics, 27(2), 171–180.Vilgalys, R., & Hester, M. (1990). Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 4238–4246.Viret, O. & Gindro, K. (2014). La Vigne, vol. 1. Maladies fongiques. Editions AMTRA, Nyon, 255 p.White, T. J., Bruns, T. D., Lee, S. B., & Taylor, J. W. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, & T. J. White (Eds.), PCR protocols – a guide to methods and applications (pp. 315–322). Academic Press: New York.Whitelaw-Weckert, M. A., Nair, N. G., Lamont, R., Alonso, M., Priest, M. J., & Huang, R. (2007). Root infection of Vitis vinifera by Cylindrocarpon liriodendri in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 36, 403–406
Cadophora sabaouae sp. nov. and Phaeoacremonium Species Associated with Petri Disease on Grapevine Propagation Material and Young Grapevines in Algeria
[EN] A field survey conducted on asymptomatic grapevine propagation material from nurseries and symptomatic young grapevines throughout different regions of Algeria yielded a collection of 70 Phaeoacremonium-like isolates and three Cadophora-like isolates. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of I3-tubulin (tub2) and actin, five Phaeoacremonium species were identified including Phaeoacremonium minimum (22 isolates), Phaeoacremonium venezuelense (19 isolates), Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (17 isolates), Phaeoacremonium australiense (8 isolates), and Phaeoacremon bun ira nianu m (4 isolates). The latter two species (P. australiense and P. iranianum) were reported for the first time in Algeria. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses (internal transcribed spacer, tub2, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and morphological features, allowed the description of the three isolates belonging to the genus Cadophora (WAMC34, WAMC117, and WAMC118) as a novel species, named Cadophora sabaouae sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on grapevine cuttings cultivar Cardinal. All the identified species were pathogenic on grapevine cuttings.This work was supported by the Ministerstvo Skolstvi, Mladeze a Telovychovy, Czech Republic under grant no. CZ-02-1-01/0-0/0-0/16-025/0007314, the Technologicka Agentura Ceske Republiky under grant no. TJ02000096, and the Spanish Government, Ramon y Cajal program under grant no. RYC-2017-23098 (to D. Gramaje).Aigoun-Mouhous, W.; Mahamedi, AE.; LeĂłn Santana, M.; Chaouia, C.; Zitouni, A.; Barankova, K.; Eichmeier, A.... (2021). Cadophora sabaouae sp. nov. and Phaeoacremonium Species Associated with Petri Disease on Grapevine Propagation Material and Young Grapevines in Algeria. Plant Disease. 105(11):3657-3668. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2380-RES365736681051
Paecilomyces clematidis (Eurotiales, Thermoascaceae): a new species from Clematis root
During a survey of endophytic fungi associated with ornamental plants in the Czech Republic, Paecilomyces-like strains were isolated from the root of Clematis. Analyses based on a combined internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), beta-tubulin (tub2) and calmodulin (CaM) sequence data matrix were applied to infer the phylogenetic position of these isolates. The novel species is characterized by phialides with a cylindrical basal portion tapering to a thin long neck producing pyriform conidia in chains. The new species is introduced with comprehensive descriptions, illustrations and a phylogenetic tree herein. Two primer pairs targeting the partial CaM gene, cm1F/cm1R and cm2F/cm2R, were designed in this study.This work was supported by project No. IGA-ZF/2021-ST2003 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_025/0007314
Lasiodiplodia mitidjana sp. nov. and other Botryosphaeriaceae species causing branch canker and dieback of Citrus sinensis in Algeria.
Several Botryosphaeriaceae species are known to occur worldwide, causing dieback, canker and fruit rot on various hosts. Surveys conducted in ten commercial citrus orchards in the northern region of Algeria revealed five species of Botryosphaeriaceae belonging to three genera associated with diseased trees. Morphological and cultural characteristics as well as phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) identified Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella viticola, Lasiodiplodia mediterranea and a novel species which is here described as Lasiodiplodia mithidjana sp. nov.. Of these, L. mithidjana (14.1% of the samples) and L. mediterranea (13% of the samples) were the most widespread and abundant species. Pathogenicity tests revealed that L. mediterranea and D. seriata were the most aggressive species on citrus shoots. This study highlights the importance of Botryosphaeriaceae species as agents of canker and dieback of citrus trees in Algeria
Defensive Mutualism of Endophytic Fungi: Effects of Sphaeropsidin A against a Model Lepidopteran Pest
Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a pimarane diterpene produced by several fungi associated with plants. Following previous evidence of insecticidal properties of SphA, we investigated its contact and oral toxicity against the model chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. The compound showed no lethal effect when directly sprayed on larvae, while it produced an evident oral toxic effect, associated with sublethal effects. These results demonstrated that SphA might play a defensive role against lepidopteran insects in plants harboring the producing fungus, depending on the extent at which the endophytic strains are able to perform biosynthesis of this and eventually other bioactive metabolites in vivo
Defensive Mutualism of Endophytic Fungi: Effects of Sphaeropsidin A against a Model Lepidopteran Pest
Sphaeropsidin A (SphA) is a pimarane diterpene produced by several fungi associated with plants. Following previous evidence of insecticidal properties of SphA, we investigated its contact and oral toxicity against the model chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis. The compound showed no lethal effect when directly sprayed on larvae, while it produced an evident oral toxic effect, associated with sublethal effects. These results demonstrated that SphA might play a defensive role against lepidopteran insects in plants harboring the producing fungus, depending on the extent at which the endophytic strains are able to perform biosynthesis of this and eventually other bioactive metabolites in vivo