Leaving No One Behind

Crecimiento inclusivo definido por la OCDE como económica crecimiento que se distribuye de manera justa en toda la sociedad y crea Oportunidades para todos. Simplemente puesto, es el crecimiento lo que beneficia todo el mundo. Es cada vez más reconocido internacionalmente que junto con los riesgos sistémicos para el sistema financiero y para la sociedad, desde el cambio climático, es el riesgo sistémico paralelo de hiper global desigualdades Estas son dos caras de la misma moneda: ambas exigir un cambio transformador en los negocios y en la sociedad en La próxima década. Si el crecimiento económico solo lo disfrutan los pocos, no será sostenido por muchos. Igualmente, prosperidad tiene que lograrse dentro de las limitaciones de One Planet. Los líderes empresariales internacionales ya están reconociendo estos desafíos gemelos En abril de 2019, por ejemplo, el Financial Times publicó un artículo de página completa titulado "Por qué los CEOs estadounidenses están preocupados por el futuro del capitalismo ". The Financial Posteriormente, Times ha ejecutado una serie de funciones, OpEds y editoriales sobre el restablecimiento del capitalismo. En agosto de 2019, 180 los principales CEOs corporativos de EE. UU. emitieron un comunicado redefiniendo el Propósito de los negocios. Un año en proceso, esta declaración fue redactado y refinado por los propios CEOs. Allí También ha habido una serie de iniciativas empresariales para "Renovar" o "reimaginar el capitalismo" y promover e inclusión económica. Empresas y liderados por negocios Coaliciones de responsabilidad corporativa en muchas partes del mundo se han unido en estos esfuerzos. Esto incluye Maala: Israel Empresa para la Responsabilidad Social

Parasitization by the wasp Eretmocerus mundus induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The whitefly <it>Bemisia tabaci </it>(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the viruses it transmits, are a major constraint to growing vegetable crops worldwide. Although the whitefly is often controlled using chemical pesticides, biological control agents constitute an important component in integrated pest management programs, especially in protected agriculture. One of these agents is the wasp <it>Eretmocerus mundus </it>(Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)<it>. E. mundus </it>lays its egg on the leaf underneath the second-third instar nymph of <it>B. tabaci</it>. First instars of the wasp hatch and penetrate the whitefly nymphs. Initiation of parasitization induces the host to form a capsule composed of epidermal cells around the parasitoid. The physiological and molecular processes underlying <it>B. tabaci-E. mundus </it>interactions have never been investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We used a cDNA microarray containing 6,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the whitefly genome to study the parasitoid-whitefly interaction. We compared RNA samples collected at two time points of the parasitization process: when the parasitoid first instar starts the penetration process and once it has fully penetrated the host. The results clearly indicated that genes known to be part of the defense pathways described in other insects are also involved in the response of <it>B. tabaci </it>to parasitization by <it>E. mundus</it>. Some of these responses included repression of a serine protease inhibitor (<it>serpin</it>) and induction of a melanization cascade. A second set of genes that responded strongly to parasitization were bacterial, encoded by whitefly symbionts. Quantitative real-time PCR and FISH analyses showed that proliferation of <it>Rickettsia</it>, a facultative secondary symbiont, is strongly induced upon initiation of the parasitization process, a result that supported previous reports suggesting that endosymbionts might be involved in the insect host's resistance to various environmental stresses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This is the first study to examine the transcriptional response of a hemipteran insect to attack by a biological control agent (hymenopterous parasitoid), using a new genomic approach developed for this insect pest. The defense response in <it>B. tabaci </it>involves genes related to the immune response as described in model organisms such as <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it>. Moreover, endosymbionts of <it>B. tabaci </it>appear to play a role in the response to parasitization, as supported by previously published results from aphids.</p

Pyrosequencing the Bemisia tabaci Transcriptome Reveals a Highly Diverse Bacterial Community and a Robust System for Insecticide Resistance

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a phloem-feeding insect poised to become one of the major insect pests in open field and greenhouse production systems throughout the world. The high level of resistance to insecticides is a main factor that hinders continued use of insecticides for suppression of B. tabaci. Despite its prevalence, little is known about B. tabaci at the genome level. To fill this gap, an invasive B. tabaci B biotype was subjected to pyrosequencing-based transcriptome analysis to identify genes and gene networks putatively involved in various physiological and toxicological processes. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using Roche 454 pyrosequencing, 857,205 reads containing approximately 340 megabases were obtained from the B. tabaci transcriptome. De novo assembly generated 178,669 unigenes including 30,980 from insects, 17,881 from bacteria, and 129,808 from the nohit. A total of 50,835 (28.45%) unigenes showed similarity to the non-redundant database in GenBank with a cut-off E-value of 10-5. Among them, 40,611 unigenes were assigned to one or more GO terms and 6,917 unigenes were assigned to 288 known pathways. De novo metatranscriptome analysis revealed highly diverse bacterial symbionts in B. tabaci, and demonstrated the host-symbiont cooperation in amino acid production. In-depth transcriptome analysis indentified putative molecular markers, and genes potentially involved in insecticide resistance and nutrient digestion. The utility of this transcriptome was validated by a thiamethoxam resistance study, in which annotated cytochrome P450 genes were significantly overexpressed in the resistant B. tabaci in comparison to its susceptible counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: This transcriptome/metatranscriptome analysis sheds light on the molecular understanding of symbiosis and insecticide resistance in an agriculturally important phloem-feeding insect pest, and lays the foundation for future functional genomics research of the B. tabaci complex. Moreover, current pyrosequencing effort greatly enriched the existing whitefly EST database, and makes RNAseq a viable option for future genomic analysis

Parasitization by the wasp induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly -0

Entified immune-responsive genes that were followed in further experiments. The expression profiles after pre-parasitization (PP) and full parasitization (P) are shown. Columns correspond to the two time points and rows to the different genes. Red indicates increased mRNA levels, whereas green indicates decreased levels compared with non-parasitized pupae. The brightest reds and greens are sixfold induced and repressed, respectively. The graphs in B and C show the number of genes induced (B) and repressed (C) in response to pre- and full penetration, and the number of genes that showed shared significant expression during both stages. (D) Distribution of induced (black bars) and repressed (gray bars) genes based on their fold change.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Parasitization by the wasp induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/342</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():342-342.</p><p>Published online 18 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488360.</p><p></p

Parasitization by the wasp induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly -3

Enclosing a translucent region, thus preventing direct contact with the host. (B) FISH of non-parasitized pupa with the primary symbiont (P) labeled with Cy3 (red) and (R) labeled with Cy5 (blue). (C) FISH of parasitized pupa by with (P) and (R) labeled as in B (after the wasp larva was dissected out). Note the higher concentration of labeled cells in the parasitized pupa compared to the non-parasitized one.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Parasitization by the wasp induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/342</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():342-342.</p><p>Published online 18 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488360.</p><p></p

Parasitization by the wasp induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly -4

Entified immune-responsive genes that were followed in further experiments. The expression profiles after pre-parasitization (PP) and full parasitization (P) are shown. Columns correspond to the two time points and rows to the different genes. Red indicates increased mRNA levels, whereas green indicates decreased levels compared with non-parasitized pupae. The brightest reds and greens are sixfold induced and repressed, respectively. The graphs in B and C show the number of genes induced (B) and repressed (C) in response to pre- and full penetration, and the number of genes that showed shared significant expression during both stages. (D) Distribution of induced (black bars) and repressed (gray bars) genes based on their fold change.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Parasitization by the wasp induces transcription of genes related to immune response and symbiotic bacteria proliferation in the whitefly "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/342</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():342-342.</p><p>Published online 18 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2488360.</p><p></p