Reproductive biology traits affecting productivity of sour cherry

The objective of this work was to evaluate variability in reproductive biology traits and the correlation between them in genotypes of 'Oblacinska' sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). High genetic diversity was found in the 41 evaluated genotypes, and significant differences were observed among them for all studied traits: flowering time, pollen germination, number of fruiting branches, production of flower and fruit, number of flowers per bud, fruit set, and limb yield efficiency. The number of fruiting branches significantly influenced the number of flower and fruit, fruit set, and yield efficiency. In addition to number of fruiting branches, yield efficiency was positively correlated with fruit set and production of flower and fruit. Results from principal component analysis suggested a reduction of the reproductive biology factors affecting yield to four main characters: number and structure of fruiting branches, flowering time, and pollen germination. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of the 'Oblacinska' genotypes can be used to select the appropriate ones to be grown or used as parents in breeding programs. In this sense, genotypes II/2, III/9, III/13, and III/14 have very good flower production and satisfactory pollen germination

A study of apple fruiting branch development under conditions of insufficient winter chilling

Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Branch architecture is the position and length of lateral shoots along a main axis, and is dependant on competitions (dominance) among meristems and lateral shoots. In areas with inadequate winter chilling, branch architecture is altered, the dynamics of which are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to better understand the dynamics underlying plant architecture. In the first part of the study, the dynamics of apple branch architecture were characterized for two cultivars, Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, in areas with differing degrees of inadequate winter chilling (a warm area and a cool area). In an additional study, progeny of a mapped ‘Telamon’ (columnar habit) and ‘Braeburn’ (normal habit) population were used to quantify branch architecture in an effort to develop quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for branching habit. Although branch architecture could be quantified, it was difficult to relate these to known qualitative branching habits, as the columnar gene is dominant and limited the number of progeny that were not columnar. With the exception of organogenesis in the season preceding growth, acrotonic tendencies (number of growing laterals, lateral length, fruit set) were not related to temporal (primigenic) dominance of the distally located buds or flowers within an axis. In the warm area, both relative time of budburst and flowering among buds within an axis did depict a loss of acrotony (positional dominance of the distally located buds and shoots within an axis). The first buds to burst and flower in the warm area had the greatest ability to grow out and set fruit, respectively, regardless of position within the shoot, implicating a role for primigenic dominance when chill unit accumulation was inadequate. Overall, temporal (primigenic) dominance in the warm area, and positional dominance (acrotony) in the cool area dictated lateral outgrowth and development.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Takargitektuur verwys na die posisie en lengte van laterale lote soos dit oor die hoofas versprei voorkom. Dit is afhanklik van kompetisie (dominansie) tussen meristeme en laterale lote. In areas met onvoldoende winterkoue word takargitektuur verander, maar die dinamika van hierdie veranderinge word nog nie goed verstaan nie. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die onderliggende dinamika wat plantargitektuur beïnvloed beter te verstaan. In die eerste deel van die studie is die dinamika van appeltakargitektuur van twee cultivars Golden Delicious en Granny Smith, in twee areas met verskillende mate van onvoldoende winterkoue bestudeer (’n warm en ’n koel area). In ’n verdere studie is die nageslag van ‘n ‘Telemon’ (kolomgroeiwyse) en ‘Braeburn’ (normale groeiwyse) kruising gebruik om takargitektuur te kwantifiseer. Dit is gedoen in ’n poging om kwantitatiewe eienskapslokusse vir vertakking te ontwikkel. Alhoewel takargitektuur kwantifiseer kon word, was dit moeilik om dit in verhouding te bring met kwalitatiewe vertakkingspatrone daar die kolomgroeiwyse-geen dominant is en die aantal indiwidue in die nageslag wat nie ’n kolomgroeiwyse gehad het nie beperk was. Met die uitsondering van organogenese in die seisoen wat groei voorafgaan, is akrotoniese neigings (aantal laterale lote, laterale lootlengte, vrugset) nie beïnvloed deur tydelike (primigeniese) dominansie van distale knoppe of blomme binne ’n as nie. In die warm area het beide relatief tot knopbreek en blomtyd binne ’n assestelsel die verlies aan akrotonie beskryf (posisionele dominansie van distale knoppe en lote in assestelsel). Die eerste knoppe wat bot en blom in die warm area het die beste vermoë om te groei en vrugte te set, onafhanklik van hul posisie. Dit impliseer die rol van primigeniese dominansie wanneer ’n gebrek aan winterkoue ervaar word. Algemeen gesien was dit tydelike (primigeniese) dominansie in warm areas en posisionele dominansie (akrotonie) in die koeler area wat lateraal bot en ontwikkeling bepaal het

Growth and fruiting characteristics of eight apple genotypes assessed as unpruned trees on 'm.9' rootstock and as own-rooted trees in southern france

The influence of root system and genotype on vegetative and reproductive growth was characterized on untrained apple (Malus domestica) genotypes that were own-rooted or grafted onto M.9 rootstock. The eight genotypes assessed were selected at INRA for resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis) and low susceptibility to mildew (Podosphera leucotricha), good fruit quality and aptitude to storage, and depending on genotype, other traits such as regular bearing and one fruit per inflorescence. The two main objectives were to determine the influence of (1) the scion genotype, and (2) the root system genotype on tree growth and yield. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), branch cross-sectional area (BCSA) and position of branches with a basal diameter of more than one centimeter were measured at the end of the third year of growth in the orchard. Yield and fruit size data were collected during the first four years of tree growth. Different genotypes had different TCSA and total BCSA but all had a smaller TCSA and total BCSA when grown on M.9 compared with own-rooted trees. The relationship between TCSA and total BCSA was also different depending on genotype but remained unaffected by root system. The relative location of BCSA, or basitony of the trunk, was influenced by the type of root system. Own-rooted trees were more basitonic than trees on M.9. Yield, precocity and fruit size differences were attributed to both genotype and root system. In all genotypes, yield efficiency (kg of fruit/cm2 TCSA) was higher with M.9. This may not be the defining characteristic since some genotypes expressed similar or even higher yields and fruit size in the 3rd and/or 4th year when own-rooted. Precocious own-rooted trees, which in our study belong to type IV architectural class (acrotonic), may be more interesting in the long-term because, although they have later entrance into production, they may have higher cumulative yields as early as the 4th year, and a better distribution of fruit within the canopy.Conference Pape

Influence of apple cultivar and witner chilling on correlative (dominance) pehnomena with branches.

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Growth and fruiting characteristics of eight apple genotypes assessed as unpruned trees on ‘M.9’ rootstock and as own-rooted trees in southern France

International audienceThe influence of root system and genotype on vegetative and reproductive growth was characterized on untrained apple (Malus domestica) genotypes that were own-rooted or grafted onto M.9 rootstock. The eight genotypes assessed were selected at INRA for resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis) and low susceptibility to mildew (Podosphera leucotricha), good fruit quality and aptitude to storage, and depending on genotype, other traits such as regular bearing and one fruit per inflorescence. The two main objectives were to determine the influence of (1) the scion genotype, and (2) the root system genotype on tree growth and yield. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), branch cross-sectional area (BCSA) and position of branches with a basal diameter of more than one centimeter were measured at the end of the third year of growth in the orchard. Yield and fruit size data were collected during the first four years of tree growth. Different genotypes had different TCSA and total BCSA but all had a smaller TCSA and total BCSA when grown on M.9 compared with own-rooted trees. The relationship between TCSA and total BCSA was also different depending on genotype but remained unaffected by root system. The relative location of BCSA, or basitony of the trunk, was influenced by the type of root system. Own-rooted trees were more basitonic than trees on M.9. Yield, precocity and fruit size differences were attributed to both genotype and root system. In all genotypes, yield efficiency (kg of fruit/cm2 TCSA) was higher with M.9. This may not be the defining characteristic since some genotypes expressed similar or even higher yields and fruit size in the 3rd and/or 4th year when own-rooted. Precocious own-rooted trees, which in our study belong to type IV architectural class (acrotonic), may be more interesting in the long-term because, although they have later entrance into production, they may have higher cumulative yields as early as the 4th year, and a better distribution of fruit within the canopy

Environment and position of first bud to break on apple shoots affects lateral outgrowth

A study was conducted to determine which bud (terminal or lateral) breaks first, and thereby exerts primigenic dominance, on 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious', 1-year-old apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) shoots grown in two locations in the Western Cape, South Africa, with differing degrees of chilling. Primigenic dominance of laterals was more common in a warm area than a cool area, and more common in 'Granny Smith' than 'Golden Delicious'. Laterals rarely broke before the terminal in 'Golden Delicious', and so differences in lateral development due to position of first bud to break were only analyzed in 'Granny Smith' shoots from this point on in the study. In 'Granny Smith', lateral budbreak and growth was influenced by the position of the first bud to break on the shoot, but did not differ between locations. On 'Granny Smith' shoots with primigenic dominance of the terminal, lateral budbreak and growth was suppressed, in accordance with the typical 'delayed foliation' commonly observed in warm winter climates. However, when at least one lateral broke before the terminal, lateral budbreak and growth were similar to previous observations in cold winter areas. © 2011 Springer-Verlag

Environment and position of first bud to break on apple shoots affects lateral outgrowth

AgriwetenskappeHortologiePlease help us populate SUNScholar with the post print version of this article. It can be e-mailed to: [email protected]

Architecture and size relations : an essay the on apple (Malus X domestica Rosaceae) tree

Correspondance : [email protected] Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699International audienceThe influence of tree size independent of age on some architectural features (annual shoot length, lateral branching, flowering) was investigated on 4-yr-old apple (Malus x domestica) trees either own-rooted or grafted on the dwarfing rootstock M.9, giving rise to large and small trees, respectively. Tree size significantly affected the length of the first annual shoot of bottom branches with a lesser effect on the subsequent annual shoots of the same branches and on branches situated higher in the tree canopy. The linear regression parameters, i.e., slopes and intercepts, between annual shoot length and number of growing laterals were affected by the genotype and, depending on genotype, by tree size. Flowering was generally lower, delayed, and more irregular on large trees compared to small trees, with on average similar ranking of genotypes regardless of tree size. This study provides evidence for a specific effect of tree size, as affected by the root system, on architectural development of the apple tree regardless of the genotype. From an architectural viewpoint, the dwarfing mechanism could be interpreted as a faster physiological aging essentially related to the reduction in length of the first annual shoot of bottom branches and the high flowering on this shoot

Relationship between vegetative branching variables and branching habit in a Telamon X Braeburn (Malus domestica Borkh.) mapped population.

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