The europeanization of Portugal (1986-2006)

Este artigo tem por objectivo fazer uma análise crítica do impacto da integração Europeia na política portuguesa. Para isso, primeiro, faremos uma abordagem genérica da situação político-social, para depois debater o conceito de Europeização. Este ensaio examina quatro aspectos da Europeização no contexto português: a reacção do Parlamento nacional; o impacto dos fundos estruturais na administração pública e na economia portuguesa; o papel das presidências portuguesas da União Europeia em 1992 e 2000 e a Europeização da política externa portuguesa. A Comissão Parlamentar dos Assuntos Europeus tem ganho reputação nas últimas duas décadas. Apesar do Parlamento ter um peso limitado no sistema político português, a Comissão Parlamentar tornou-se uma importante fonte de informação alternativa para a sociedade civil e para a população em geral, no que respeita a assuntos europeus. Os fundos estruturais da UE deram um importante contributo para o melhoramento significativo das infraestruturas nacionais, mas agora é necessário canalizá-los para a reestruturação da economia portuguesa, sobretudo nas áreas de investigação e desenvolvimento. As presidências de 1992 e 2000 projectaram a posição internacional portuguesa, levando ao histórico Conselho Extraordinário de Março de 2000, onde se chegou às linhas do acordo da Estratégia de Lisboa. Finalmente, a política externa portuguesa tem sido uma força pró-activa, em conjunto com outros estados-membros da União no apoio aos valores das Nações Unidas. A independência de Timor Leste pode ser considerada o maior sucesso de trinta e dois anos de diplomacia democrática portuguesa. Apesar de Portugal ter feito progressos políticos (no plano interno e externo), económicos e sociais desde a adesão à UE em 1986, ainda há um longo caminho a percorrer para atingir uma transformação completa do país

Educational Malpractice — Does the Cause of Action Exist?

Educational Malpractice — Does the Cause of Action Exist

The Rise and Fall of the Right-Centre Coalition Government in Portugal (2002-2005)

This article assesses the impact of the right-centre coalition government on Portuguese economy, society and politics. It starts with an analysis of the coalition formation process and places it in the context of previous coalition governments in Portugal. The austerity measures of the coalition government are then discussed at length. Moreover, government policies are placed within context of the emerging regime of monetary policy and fiscal discipline imposed by the European integration process.The austerity measures of the government were quite unpopular, allowing the opposition parties on the left to make electoral gains in the two mid-term elections to the European Parliament and to the regional assemblies of Madeira and the Acores. The disorganised image of the Santana Lopes government led to early elections being call by president Jorge Sampaio. On 20 February 2005, the Socialist party under popular leader José Socrates won the legislative elections with an absolute majority.Este artigo evalua a influência da coligação da centro-direita sobre a economia, a sociedade e a política portuguesa. A análise do processo da formação de coligação é contextualiza na história dos governos de coligação que se sucederam em Portugal. Esta análise é seguida de um estudo profundo das medidas de austeridade implementadas e tomadas por este governo no contexto da política monetária e fiscal imposta pelo processo de integração europeia.As medidas de austeridade do governo foram mal aceites, por isso os partidos da oposição da esquerda puderam obter ganhos eleitorais nas duas eleições para o Parlamento Europeu e para as assembleias regionais da Madeira e dos Açores. A imagem desorganização dada pelo governo de Santana Lopes levou o Presidente Jorge Sampaio a decidir eleições legislativas anticipadas. A 20 de Fevereiro de 2005, o partido socialista sob a direcção do popular José Socrates, alcançou a maioria absoluta nas eleições legislativas.Quelle a été l’influence de la coalition de centre-droit sur l’économie, la société et la politique portugaises ? L’analyse du processus de formation de cette coalition est replacée dans l’histoire des autres gouvernements de coalition qu’a connus le Portugal. Elle est suivie d’une étude approfondie des mesures d’austérité appliquées prises par ce gouvernement, dans le contexte de la politique monétaire et fiscale du processus d’intégration européenne. Les mesures d’austérité du gouvernement furent peu et de ce fait les partis d’opposition de gauche furent capables d’engranger des gains électoraux tant aux élections pour le Parlement européen que pour les assemblées régionales de Madère et des Açores. L’image de désorganisation donnée par le gouvernement de Santana Lopes a poussé le président Jorge Sampaio à provoquer des élections législatives anticipées. Le 20 février 2005, le parti socialiste sous la direction de son populaire leader José Socrates, a alors gagné les élections, à la majorité absolue

First State Bank v. Chunkapura: New Limitations on Trust Indentures

First State Bank v. Chunkapura: New Limitations on Trust Indenture

Education Law Priorities and Need: A Comparitive Analysis

This descriptive study ascertained the perceptions of Montana public school principals and superintendents, and Montana education law attorneys, regarding school law education for Montana public school principals. The study surveyed 595 individuals: 239 superintendents, 347 principals, and 9 education law attorneys. The 268 responses obtained represented a 95.6% confidence level. The study addressed the following questions: 1) Which areas of school law are essential for a public school principal to know?; 2) In which school law areas do public school principals have an immediate need for knowledge?; 3) Which school law areas are critical for inclusion in a graduate-level principal certification program\u27s required school law course?; 4) Which settings of school law continuing education opportunities are most convenient and effective for principals?; 5) Which time increments of school law continuing education opportunities are most convenient and effective for principals?; 6) Which sources of school law information and continuing education do principals most frequently use for general and immediate assistance?; 7) Which are a principal\u27s most preferred sources for school law information and continuing education?; and 8) What is the level of need for improved school law curriculum/content area alignment among the university system, state agencies, school board /administration organizations, and public/private school law attorneys? The study found substantial agreement in perceptions among respondents. The domain of Exceptional Children and the areas of student harassment, student suspensions/expulsions, and staff dismissal procedures were considered most essential. A broad base of school law topic coverage was critical for a principal preparation program. School administrators did not see immediate need for school law in-servicing while education law attorneys did see an immediate need. For principal continuing education, almost all respondent groups perceived in-district live training as the most effective and convenient setting, and graduate level coursework as least convenient and effective setting. Principals favored full day in-services during the school year. Most groups perceived an administrative colleague as the most highly preferred and used source of school law information. An overwhelming majority (96%) of the respondents agreed school law curriculum and content alignment among school law providers was needed

How earnings announcement impact Faang stock prices?

Beginning in the late '30s, stock market event studies intend to provide more information about market movements and behavior, around the major events during the year, allowing market players to make better and more sustained investment decisions. This paper analyzes how the FAANG stocks behave when quarterly earnings announcement results are reported. To answer this question, we compare the performance of 7 different announcements for each firm, by the calculation of the abnormal returns, using 3 different normal models with 2 different extensions, and test the statistical robustness with 4 different statistical tests. Our results showed different price reactions around events, but consistent high abnormal returns on an individual event and period analysis on the day after the announcement. Results also revealed that on a multi-period analysis, the stocks are not consistently positive or negative, leading to symmetric high abnormal returns and a low percentage of abnormal performance. At the same time, on a multi-event analysis, results, by type of news, show significant under and overreactions on the stock market price movements. However, the efficient market hypothesis is not consistent when the news, resulting from the announcement, incorporate the stock price. From a safety perspective, this study emphasizes on the necessity to consider the impact of quarterly earnings announcement reports, on FAANG stock prices, and consequently on market players’ investment decisions.Com início no final dos anos 30, os estudos sobre eventos nos mercados de capitais surgem com o intuito de proporcionar mais informação sobre os movimentos e o comportamento do mercado, em torno dos maiores eventos anuais, permitindo aos players de mercado tomar decisões de investimento mais sustentadas. Esta tese analisa como é que as ações FAANG reagem, quando é anunciado o relatório dos resultados trimestrais das empresas. Para conduzir a análise, iremos comparar a performance de 7 anúncios, diferentes para cada empresa, através do cálculo dos abnormal returns, utilizando 3 modelos normais com 2 extensões diferentes, e testar a robustez estatística através de 4 testes. Os resultados demonstram diferentes reações dos preços em torno dos eventos. Mais precisamente, abnormal returns elevados e consistentes, no dia após o anúncio, numa análise individual. Os resultados também revelaram que, numa análise de vários períodos, as ações não apresentam consistência positiva ou negativa, levando a abnormal returns simétricos e uma percentagem reduzida de abnormal performance. Ao mesmo tempo, numa análise multi-eventos, os resultados, de acordo com o tipo de notícias, são significativamente baixos e demonstram reações exageradas nos movimentos de preço no mercado acionista. No entanto, a Hipótese de Mercado Eficiente não é consistente quando as notícias relacionadas com os anúncios trimestrais incorporam o preço da ação. De forma geral, o estudo enfatiza a necessidade de considerar o anúncio dos resultados trimestrais nos preços das ações FAANG e, consequentemente, nas decisões de investimento dos players de mercado

With or without you: mobilization strategies of portuguese regional authorities in the European Union

A sizable body of literature has investigated the activity of regional authorities in attempting to circumvent central governments in the European Union (EU). Located at the intersection between research on multi-level governance and Europeanization, and building on the conceptual division between ‘financial’ and ‘regulatory’ mobilization, the aim of this article is to identify the domestic mediating factors which condition the channels and rationales underpinning Portuguese regional strategies in the EU. This article shows that structures, agency and contextual factors are the most relevant mediating factors explaining the decision of the Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira to combine intra- and extra-state strategies geared towards ‘regulatory’ purposes, whereas the five deconcentrated Regional Coordination and Development Commissions (CCDRs) in mainland Portugal have confined themselves to an extra-state strategy tailored to ‘financial’ purposes. We conclude that despite the presence of national bypassing in both cases, the regions have not challenged Portuguese state authority.This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under [grant number UID/CPO/000758/2013]

A Late Blancan Local Fauna From Northern Idaho

Mammal specimens from a new Pleistocene-age locality near Priest River, Idaho have been identified from at least nine different taxa including muskrat, beaver, porcupine, deer, horse, pronghorn antelope, canid, lynx and bear. A right mandible containing i1 and m1-m2 is of an Ondatra sp. of muskrat. The m1is significantly shorter, narrower and the L/W ratio smaller than that of extant and extinct O. zebethicus. Yet the m1 length and width are both larger than either O. idahoensis and O. annectens. The beaver is represented by an isolated incisor, two lower molars and one upper molar. All three molars share the S enamel occlusal pattern seen Castor, contrasting with the occlusal pattern of Dipoides. The one external striid and three internal striids on the lower molars that are unequal in length indicate Castor californicus rather than C. canadensis. A p4 and m1 of a species of Erethizon porcupine are significantly larger than the p4 and m1 of either E. bathygnathum or E. dorsatum. The deer specimens include a complete right M2 and a near complete m3. The M2 has four distinct main cusps, a prominent paracone, a paracone rib, a metastyle and a very small entostyle, suggesting that this is a species of Bretzia, albeit smaller than B. pseudalces. A P2, dP3 and dp3 of Plessipus idahoensis is also present. Finally, a m1 of Capromeryx, a buccal half of a right P3 assigned to Lynx sp., the buccal half of a left p3 assigned to Ursus sp. and a right m1 of a non-extant Canis sp. are also present. The Priest River local fauna cannot be older than 2.58 Ma or the beginning of Blancan V (= early Pleistocene) because of FAD for Erethizon from South America at GABI1. The Priest River l. f. cannot be younger than 1.72 Ma (end of Blancan V) as Plesippus has its LAD in Froman Ferry l. f. at the end of Blancan V. Capromeryx tauntonensis was previously restricted to Blancan IV and the Taunton l. f. from central Washington and C. tauntonensis would be a time range extension into the Blancan V NALMA sub-age, which argues against the Priest River l. f. being younger than Blancan V. This is the first mammalian fauna known from northern Idaho as previously known Cenozoic faunas from the Inland Northwest region are the early to late Blancan faunas, from the Glenn’s Ferry Fm. in southwest Idaho, some 570 miles south of the new site and the early to mid- Blancan faunas from the Ringold Fm. in south, central Washington, 225 miles southwest of the new site

Cross-Border Cooperation Between Spain and Portugal : A case Study of the Southern Regions

After centuries of lack of contacts between Spain and Portugal, the democratization of both countries allowed for a rapprochement which today is becoming more intensive. The crucial factor of the growing integration of Spanish and Portuguese border regions into a cross-border region is naturally the INTERREG programme. Both regions are disadvantaged within the European Union and their respective countries as poor regions. They have the status of a 'double periphery'. In the 1980s and particularly 1990s actors on both sides of the border intensified their contacts in order to overcome their double peripherality. The growing number of projects, the improvement of infrastructures and the revival of associationism will certainly change the quality of life of these regions, which are still among the lowest in both countries. The continuation of the INTERREG programme after 2007-2013 will be an important consolidating tool for the further development of cross-border cooperation.Després de segles de falta de contactes entre Espanya i Portugal, la democratització dels dos països va permetre un acostament que avui dia és cada vegada més intens. El factor crucial de la creixent integració de les regions frontereres d'Espanya i Portugal en una regió transfronterera és, naturalment, el programa INTERREG. Ambdues regions es troben en desavantatge dins de la Unió Europea i els seus països respectius, com les regions pobres. Tenen la condició de «doble perifèria '. En els anys 1980 i 1990, en particular els actors d'ambdós costats de la frontera han intensificat els seus contactes per tal de superar la seva situació perifèrica doble. El nombre creixent de projectes, la millora de les infraestructures i el renaixement de l'associacionisme sens dubte canviarà la qualitat de vida d'aquestes regions, que segueixen estant entre els més baixos dels dos països. La continuació del programa INTERREG després de 2007-2013 serà un instrument important per consolidar el desenvolupament de la cooperació transfronterera

The Rise and Fall of the Right-Centre Coalition Government in Portugal (2002-2005)

This article assesses the impact of the right-centre coalition government on Portuguese economy, society and politics. It starts with an analysis of the coalition formation process and places it in the context of previous coalition governments in Portugal. The austerity measures of the coalition government are then discussed at length. Moreover, government policies are placed within context of the emerging regime of monetary policy and fiscal discipline imposed by the European integration process.The austerity measures of the government were quite unpopular, allowing the opposition parties on the left to make electoral gains in the two mid-term elections to the European Parliament and to the regional assemblies of Madeira and the Acores. The disorganised image of the Santana Lopes government led to early elections being call by president Jorge Sampaio. On 20 February 2005, the Socialist party under popular leader José Socrates won the legislative elections with an absolute majority.Este artigo evalua a influência da coligação da centro-direita sobre a economia, a sociedade e a política portuguesa. A análise do processo da formação de coligação é contextualiza na história dos governos de coligação que se sucederam em Portugal. Esta análise é seguida de um estudo profundo das medidas de austeridade implementadas e tomadas por este governo no contexto da política monetária e fiscal imposta pelo processo de integração europeia.As medidas de austeridade do governo foram mal aceites, por isso os partidos da oposição da esquerda puderam obter ganhos eleitorais nas duas eleições para o Parlamento Europeu e para as assembleias regionais da Madeira e dos Açores. A imagem desorganização dada pelo governo de Santana Lopes levou o Presidente Jorge Sampaio a decidir eleições legislativas anticipadas. A 20 de Fevereiro de 2005, o partido socialista sob a direcção do popular José Socrates, alcançou a maioria absoluta nas eleições legislativas.Quelle a été l’influence de la coalition de centre-droit sur l’économie, la société et la politique portugaises ? L’analyse du processus de formation de cette coalition est replacée dans l’histoire des autres gouvernements de coalition qu’a connus le Portugal. Elle est suivie d’une étude approfondie des mesures d’austérité appliquées prises par ce gouvernement, dans le contexte de la politique monétaire et fiscale du processus d’intégration européenne. Les mesures d’austérité du gouvernement furent peu et de ce fait les partis d’opposition de gauche furent capables d’engranger des gains électoraux tant aux élections pour le Parlement européen que pour les assemblées régionales de Madère et des Açores. L’image de désorganisation donnée par le gouvernement de Santana Lopes a poussé le président Jorge Sampaio à provoquer des élections législatives anticipées. Le 20 février 2005, le parti socialiste sous la direction de son populaire leader José Socrates, a alors gagné les élections, à la majorité absolue