Tight och loose kontroll - En studie om svenska myndigheters budgetefterlevnad och huruvida samband föreligger med tight och loose kontroll

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva i vilken utsträckning statliga myndigheter efterlever sin finansiella budget och att analysera huruvida det finns ett samband mellan budgetefterlevnad och om myndigheterna upplever att de styrs med tight eller loose kontroll. Metod: Uppsatsen har ett deduktivt angreppssätt. De undersökningar som gjorts har skett genom ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Materialet analyseras genom statistisk bearbetning, kopplat till teorin. Materialet presenteras med tabeller och figurer. Teoretiska perspektiv:Studien baseras främst på Van der Stedes teori om tight och loose budgetkontroll, men även teorier om budget och ekonomistyrning behandlas i studien. Empiri: Empiri har insamlats genom en enkätundersökning och data från årsredovisningar hos svenska myndigheter. Studiens målpopulation består av samtliga myndigheter i Sverige som finansieras genom anslag från staten. Slutsatser: Myndigheterna efterlever sin finansiella budget i stor utsträckning. Majoriteten av myndigheterna anser att regeringen utövar relativ loose budgetkontroll. Den statistiska bearbetningen av det empiriska materialet har visat att vi inte med säkerhet kan uttala oss huruvida det finns ett samband eller ej mellan budgetefterlevnad och om myndigheterna upplever att de styrs med tight eller loose kontroll, då det genom tester påvisats signifikans, svag signifikans samt ingen signifikans

Energy systems studied of biogas : Generation aspects of renewable vehicle fuels in the transport system

The transport sector is seen as particularly problematic when concerns about climate change and dependency on fossil energy are discussed. Because of this, bioenergy is strongly promoted for use in the transport sector, both on a European level and nationally in Sweden. Even though bioenergy is considered one of the key solutions, it is generally agreed that both supply- and demand-side measures will be needed to achieve a change to a more sustainable transport system. One of the reasons for this is the limited availability of biomass, especially agricultural feedstocks competing with food or feed production. Woody biomass, however more abundant, is also exposed to tough competition from other sectors. In this thesis, the role of biogas as a vehicle fuel in a future sustainable transport system is discussed together with the prerequisites needed to realise such a transport system. Biogas is a biofuel that could be produced in several different ways: by anaerobic digestion, which is a first-generation production route, by gasification, which is a second-generation process, and by catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, a third-generation technology. The main focus in this thesis is on biogas produced by anaerobic digestion and the results show that there is a significant potential for an increase compared to today’s production. Biogas from anaerobic digestion, however, will only be able to cover a minor part of the demand in the Swedish transport sector. Considering biogas of the second and third generations, the potential for production is more uncertain in a mid-term future, mainly due to competition for feedstock, the possibility to produce other fuels by these processes, and the present immaturity of the technology. The limited potential for replacing fossil vehicle fuels, either by biogas or other renewable fuels, clearly shows the need for demand-side measures in the transport system as well. This thesis shows the importance of technical and non-technical means to decrease the demand for transport and to make the transport as efficient as possible. The results show that both energy-efficient vehicles and behavioural and infrastructural changes will be required. Policies and economic incentives set by governments and decision-making bodies have a prominent role to play, in order to bring about a shift to a more sustainable transport system, however, measures taken on individual level will also have a great impact to contribute to a more sustainable transport system.QC 20121116</p

Geoelectrical imaging for interpretation of geological conditions affecting quarry operations

Determination of the subsurface geology is very important for the rock quarry industry. This is primarily done by drilling and mapping of the surface geology. However in Sweden the bedrock is often completely covered by Quaternary sediments making the prediction of subsurface geology quite difficult. Incorrect prediction of the rock-mass quality can lead to economic problems for the quarry. By performing geophysical measurements a more complete understanding of the subsurface geology can be determined. This study shows that by doing 2D-parallel data sampling a 3D inversion of the dataset is possible, which greatly enhances the visualization of the subsurface. Furthermore the electrical resistivity technique together with the induced polarization method proved to be very efficient in detecting fracture frequency, identification of major fracture zones, and variations in rock-mass quality all of which can affect the aggregate quality. With this technique not only the rock-mass quality is determined but also the thickness of the overburden. Implementation of geophysics can be a valuable tool for the quarry industry, resulting in substantial economic benefits.QC 2010111

Obesity &amp; overweight : A literature review on the nurses motivating work

Bakgrund: Fetma och övervikt är ett ökande problem globalt och är idag ett utav världens största folkhälsoproblem. Primärvården är ett första steg inom fetmarådgivning och sjuksköterskors hälsofrämjande arbete ses vara av betydande för att patienter med fetma och övervikt ska lyckas med sin viktminskning, vilket kan medföra ett ökat välbefinnande. Syfte: att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter inom primärvården av att motivera vuxna med fetma och övervikt till förändrade levnadsvanor. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes där metoden utgår ifrån Friberg (2017a). En kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar söktes fram i tre olika databaser, Pubmed, Cinahl och Medline. Resultat: Sammanställningen av artiklarna resulterade i två teman: Sjuksköterskors förutsättningar och sjuksköterskors främjande åtgärder. I det första temat skildras sjuksköterskors förutsättningar gällande utbildning och direktiv, brist på resurser och konsekvenser av sjuksköterskors attityder och värderingar. Det andra temat framställer sjuksköterskors främjande åtgärder och innefattar rådgivning och motivation, relationen till patienten samt möjlighet till uppföljning. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor i primärvården har en viktig roll och möjlighet att ge stöd och rådgivning till personer med övervikt eller fetma. Sjuksköterskor ser sin uppgift att motivera till förändrade levnadsvanor som viktig, men möjligheten att göra detta påverkas till stor delav de förutsättningar som deras utbildning och verksamheten sätter.Background: Obesity and overweigth is an increasingly global issue and is today one of the world’s biggest public health problems. Primary care is a first step in obesity counseling and nurses health promoting work is seen as important for patients with obesity and overwight to succeed in their weight loss, which can lead to increased well-being. Purpose: To describe nurses experiences in primary care of motivating adults with obesity and overweight to changed lifestyles. Method: a literature review was conducted where the method is based on Friberg (2017a). A combination of qualitative and quantitative scientific articles were searched in three different databases, Pubmed, Cinahl and Medline. Results: The compilation of the articles resulted in two themes: Nurses prerequisites and –nurses promotion measures. The first theme depicts nurses' conditions regarding education and directives, lack of resources and consequences of nurses' attitudes and values. The second theme presents nurses promotion measures which includes advice and motivation, the relationship to the patient and opportunity for follow-up. Conclusion: Nurses in primary care have an important role and opportunity to provide support and advice to people with obesity and overweight. Nurses see their task of motivating people to change living habits as important, but the opportunity to do so is largely affected by the conditions set by their education and activities

Obesity &amp; overweight : A literature review on the nurses motivating work

Bakgrund: Fetma och övervikt är ett ökande problem globalt och är idag ett utav världens största folkhälsoproblem. Primärvården är ett första steg inom fetmarådgivning och sjuksköterskors hälsofrämjande arbete ses vara av betydande för att patienter med fetma och övervikt ska lyckas med sin viktminskning, vilket kan medföra ett ökat välbefinnande. Syfte: att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter inom primärvården av att motivera vuxna med fetma och övervikt till förändrade levnadsvanor. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes där metoden utgår ifrån Friberg (2017a). En kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar söktes fram i tre olika databaser, Pubmed, Cinahl och Medline. Resultat: Sammanställningen av artiklarna resulterade i två teman: Sjuksköterskors förutsättningar och sjuksköterskors främjande åtgärder. I det första temat skildras sjuksköterskors förutsättningar gällande utbildning och direktiv, brist på resurser och konsekvenser av sjuksköterskors attityder och värderingar. Det andra temat framställer sjuksköterskors främjande åtgärder och innefattar rådgivning och motivation, relationen till patienten samt möjlighet till uppföljning. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor i primärvården har en viktig roll och möjlighet att ge stöd och rådgivning till personer med övervikt eller fetma. Sjuksköterskor ser sin uppgift att motivera till förändrade levnadsvanor som viktig, men möjligheten att göra detta påverkas till stor delav de förutsättningar som deras utbildning och verksamheten sätter.Background: Obesity and overweigth is an increasingly global issue and is today one of the world’s biggest public health problems. Primary care is a first step in obesity counseling and nurses health promoting work is seen as important for patients with obesity and overwight to succeed in their weight loss, which can lead to increased well-being. Purpose: To describe nurses experiences in primary care of motivating adults with obesity and overweight to changed lifestyles. Method: a literature review was conducted where the method is based on Friberg (2017a). A combination of qualitative and quantitative scientific articles were searched in three different databases, Pubmed, Cinahl and Medline. Results: The compilation of the articles resulted in two themes: Nurses prerequisites and –nurses promotion measures. The first theme depicts nurses' conditions regarding education and directives, lack of resources and consequences of nurses' attitudes and values. The second theme presents nurses promotion measures which includes advice and motivation, the relationship to the patient and opportunity for follow-up. Conclusion: Nurses in primary care have an important role and opportunity to provide support and advice to people with obesity and overweight. Nurses see their task of motivating people to change living habits as important, but the opportunity to do so is largely affected by the conditions set by their education and activities

Implications of system expansion for the assessment of well-to-wheel CO2 emissions from biomass-based transportation

In this paper we show the effects of expanding the system when evaluating well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions forbiomass-based transportation, to include the systems surrounding the biomass conversion system. Four different cases are considered: DME via black liquor gasification (BLG), methanol via gasification of solid biomass, lignocellulosic ethanol and electricity from a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) used in a battery-powered electric vehicle (BPEV). All four cases are considered with as well as without carbon capture and storage (CCS). System expansion is used consistently for all flows. The results are compared with results from a conventional WTW study that only uses system expansion for certain co-product flows.It is shown that when expanding the system, biomass-based transportation does not necessarily contribute to decreased CO2 emissions and the results from this study in general indicate considerably lower CO2 mitigation potential than do the results from the conventional study used for comparison. It is shown that of particular importance are assumptions regarding future biomass use, as by expanding the system, future competition for biomass feedstock can be taken into account by assuming an alternative biomass usage. Assumptions regardingother surrounding systems, such as the transportation and the electricity systems are also shown to be ofsignificance.Of the four studied cases without CCS, BIGCC with the electricity used in a BPEV is the only case that consistently shows a potential for CO2 reduction when alternative use of biomass is considered. Inclusion of CCS is not a guarantee for achieving CO2 reduction, and in general the system effects are equivalent or larger than the effects of CCS. DME from BLG generally shows the highest CO2 emission reduction potential for the biofuel cases. However, neither of these options for biomass-based transportation can alone meet the needs of the transport sector. Therefore, a broader palette of solutions, including different production routes, different fuels and possibly also CCS, will be needed

Implications of system expansion for the assessment of well-to-wheel CO2 emissions from biomass-based transportation

In this paper we show the effects of expanding the system when evaluating well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions forbiomass-based transportation, to include the systems surrounding the biomass conversion system. Four different cases are considered: DME via black liquor gasification (BLG), methanol via gasification of solid biomass, lignocellulosic ethanol and electricity from a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) used in a battery-powered electric vehicle (BPEV). All four cases are considered with as well as without carbon capture and storage (CCS). System expansion is used consistently for all flows. The results are compared with results from a conventional WTW study that only uses system expansion for certain co-product flows.It is shown that when expanding the system, biomass-based transportation does not necessarily contribute to decreased CO2 emissions and the results from this study in general indicate considerably lower CO2 mitigation potential than do the results from the conventional study used for comparison. It is shown that of particular importance are assumptions regarding future biomass use, as by expanding the system, future competition for biomass feedstock can be taken into account by assuming an alternative biomass usage. Assumptions regardingother surrounding systems, such as the transportation and the electricity systems are also shown to be ofsignificance.Of the four studied cases without CCS, BIGCC with the electricity used in a BPEV is the only case that consistently shows a potential for CO2 reduction when alternative use of biomass is considered. Inclusion of CCS is not a guarantee for achieving CO2 reduction, and in general the system effects are equivalent or larger than the effects of CCS. DME from BLG generally shows the highest CO2 emission reduction potential for the biofuel cases. However, neither of these options for biomass-based transportation can alone meet the needs of the transport sector. Therefore, a broader palette of solutions, including different production routes, different fuels and possibly also CCS, will be needed

150 ans de contribution française à l’archéologie palestinienne 150 years of French contributions to Palestinian archaeology

Colloque organisé par l'Ifpo, l'institut français, le Consulat général de France de Jérusalem, l'université de Birzeit et l’École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem

Geoelectrical imaging in the interpretation of geological conditions affecting quarry operations

Determination of the subsurface geology is very important for the rock quarry industry. This is primarily done by drilling and mapping. However, in Sweden, the bedrock is often completely covered by Quaternary sediments, making the prediction quite difficult. This study shows that electrical resistivity imaging together with induced polarization proved to be very efficient in detecting fracture frequency, major fracture zones and variations in rock mass quality, all of which can affect the aggregate quality. These techniques can also determine the thickness of the overburden. Furthermore, by doing 2D-parallel data sampling, a 3D inversion of the dataset is possible, which greatly enhances the visualization of the subsurface. Implementation of geophysics can be a valuable tool for the quarry industry, resulting in substantial economic benefits

Strategies for a road transport system based on renewable resources - The case of an import-independent Sweden in 2025

When discussing how society can decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the transport sector is often seen as posing one of the most difficult problems. In addition, the transport sector faces problems related to security of supply. The aim of this paper is to present possible strategies for a road transport system based on renewable energy sources and to illustrate how such a system could be designed to avoid dependency on imports, using Sweden as an example. The demand-side strategies considered include measures for decreasing the demand for transport, as well as various technical and non-technical means of improving vehicle fuel economy. On the supply side, biofuels and synthetic fuels produced from renewable electricity are discussed. Calculations are performed to ascertain the possible impact of these measures on the future Swedish road transport sector. The results underline the importance of powerful demand-side measures and show that although biofuels can certainly contribute significantly to an import-independent road transport sector, they are far from enough even in a biomass-rich country like Sweden. Instead, according to this study, fuels based on renewable electricity will have to cover more than half of the road transport sector's energy demand.Road transport Import-independent Biofuel Synthetic fuel Demand-side strategies