Syndikering av fast eiendom : Tilretteleggers erstatningsansvar overfor investorene

Oppgaven omhandler investeringsprosjekter i fast eiendom der investorer sammen danner et eierselskap som eier og leier ut eiendommen. Hovedproblemstillingen er en rettslig analyse av det erstatningsansvaret den som tilrettelegger og innbyr til prosjektet kan pådra seg overfor investorene. Oppgaven gir også en nærmere beskrivelse av hva eiendomssyndikering er, og hvilke selskapsrettslige og skatterettslige konsekvenser prosjektene fører med seg. Sentrale problemstillinger innenfor drøftelsen av erstatningsansvaret er spørsmålet om det dreier seg om et delikts- eller kontraktsansvar og særspørsmål i forbindelse med at det gjelder et informasjonsansvar for rent formuestap samt de problemer kravet til årsakssammenheng gir opphav til for erstatningskravet som er tema i avhandlingen. Drøftelsen inneholder en oppstilling av aktsomhetsnormen samt en gjennomgang av aktsomhetsvurderingen der momentene som taler for og mot å pålegge erstatningsansvar diskuteres. I tillegg gjøres det rede for tilretteleggers muligheter til å fraskrive seg erstatningsansvaret. Her står domstolenes urimelighetssensur etter avtl. § 36 sentralt

Fuel Quality Analysis for Biogas Utilization in Heavy Duty Dual Fuel Engines

The perspective of using gas form biomass gasification as fuel for dual fuel (DF) engines, without refine it all the way to synthetic natural gas (SNG) has been investigated. The initial gas from gasification contains of a blend of various components which are not commonly present in natural gas (NG). The operability of these components in a heavy duty DF engine has been assessed and compared to those of NG. Three parameters have been used to define the quality of the fuel: Lower Heating Value (LHV), Methane Number (MN) and Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)

Return to play after thigh muscle injury in elite football players: implementation and validation of the Munich muscle injury classification

Background: Owing to the complexity and heterogeneity of muscle injuries, a generally accepted classification system is still lacking. Aims To prospectively implement and validate a novel muscle injury classification and to evaluate its predictive value for return to professional football. Methods: The recently described Munich muscle injury classification was prospectively evaluated in 31 European professional male football teams during the 2011/2012 season. Thigh muscle injury types were recorded by team medical staff and correlated to individual player exposure and resultant time-loss. Results: In total, 393 thigh muscle injuries occurred. The muscle classification system was well received with a 100% response rate. Two-thirds of thigh muscle injuries were classified as structural and were associated with longer lay-off times compared to functional muscle disorders (p<0.001). Significant differences were observed between structural injury subgroups (minor partial, moderate partial and complete injuries) with increasing lay-off time associated with more severe structural injury. Median lay-off time of functional disorders was 5–8 days without significant differences between subgroups. There was no significant difference in the absence time between anterior and posterior thigh injuries. Conclusions: The Munich muscle classification demonstrates a positive prognostic validity for return to play after thigh muscle injury in professional male football players. Structural injuries are associated with longer average lay-off times than functional muscle disorders. Subclassification of structural injuries correlates with return to play, while subgrouping of functional disorders shows less prognostic relevance. Functional disorders are often underestimated clinically and require further systematic study

Modelling of Internal Pressure Dynamics in Mass-Impregnated Non-Draining HVDC Cables

Changing the current loading of mass-impregnated non-draining power cables causes the pressure in the insulation to vary over a wide range. It is generally recognized that under certain conditions—typically after a large load reduction—the pressure becomes so low that shrinkage cavities (voids) form in the insulation, and that partial discharges that may damage the insulation ignite. A finite element model for temperature, electric field and pressure dynamics throughout the insulation layer has been developed. Comparisons with previously obtained measurements on full-scale HVDC subsea cable samples subjected to a variety of loading patterns, external pressures (sea depths) and ambient temperatures, show that the model replicates the pressure behavior of the insulation reasonably well. Most importantly, the complicated viscoelastic properties of the lead sheath, which have a profound effect on the internal pressure dynamics and thereby on the prospects of forming potentially harmful cavities, appear to be sufficiently accurately modelled.acceptedVersio

Lidar-level localization with radar? The CFEAR approach to accurate, fast and robust large-scale radar odometry in diverse environments

This paper presents an accurate, highly efficient, and learning-free method for large-scale odometry estimation using spinning radar, empirically found to generalize well across very diverse environments -- outdoors, from urban to woodland, and indoors in warehouses and mines - without changing parameters. Our method integrates motion compensation within a sweep with one-to-many scan registration that minimizes distances between nearby oriented surface points and mitigates outliers with a robust loss function. Extending our previous approach CFEAR, we present an in-depth investigation on a wider range of data sets, quantifying the importance of filtering, resolution, registration cost and loss functions, keyframe history, and motion compensation. We present a new solving strategy and configuration that overcomes previous issues with sparsity and bias, and improves our state-of-the-art by 38%, thus, surprisingly, outperforming radar SLAM and approaching lidar SLAM. The most accurate configuration achieves 1.09% error at 5Hz on the Oxford benchmark, and the fastest achieves 1.79% error at 160Hz.Comment: Accepted for publication in Transactions on Robotics. Edited 2022-11-07: Updated affiliation and citatio

Alternativa belöningsgrunder – En fallstudie av belöningssystem i forsknings- och utvecklingsavdelningar

För många av dagens kunskapsintensiva företag uppkommer det en problematik vid utformandet av belöningssystem. Detta då deras output inte kan kvantifieras med finansiella mått. Ett exempel på en verksamhet med detta problem är FoU-avdelningar. Vårt syfte med denna studie är således att beskriva och analysera hur belöningssystem utformas i FoU-avdelningar. Vår teoretiska referensram och sedermera analytiska underlag, baseras på en kombination utav Thompson & Stricklands och Cummings & Worleys teorier kring belöningssystem. Studien är av kvalitativ art då tre företags belöningssystem har undersökts, med avsikt att få djupare förståelse för problemet. Resultatet indikerar på att FoU-avdelningar använder sig av ytterst sofistikerade belöningssystem. Individuella mål sätts upp för varje anställd och en utvärdering sker i slutet av året, där denne graderas på ett antal punkter. Utvärderingen ligger sedan till grund för hur stor belöning den anställde erhåller

How does comorbidity influence healthcare costs? A population-based cross-sectional study of depression, back pain and osteoarthritis

Objectives To analyse how comorbidity among patients with back pain, depression and osteoarthritis influences healthcare costs per patient. A special focus was made on the distribution of costs for primary healthcare compared with specialist care, hospital care and drugs. Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting The County of Östergötland, Sweden. Patients Data on diagnoses and healthcare costs for all 266 354 individuals between 20 and 75 years of age, who were residents of the County of Östergötland, Sweden, in the year 2006, were extracted from the local healthcare register and the national register of drug prescriptions. Main outcome measures The effects of comorbidity on healthcare costs were estimated as interactions in regression models that also included age, sex, number of other health conditions and education. Results The largest diagnosed group was back pain (11 178 patients) followed by depression (7412 patients) and osteoarthritis (5174 patients). The largest comorbidity subgroup was the combination of back pain and depression (772 patients), followed by the combination of back pain and osteoarthritis (527 patients) and the combination of depression and osteoarthritis (206 patients). For patients having both a depression diagnosis and a back pain diagnosis, there was a significant negative interaction effect on total healthcare costs. The average healthcare costs among patients with depression and back pain was SEK 11 806 lower for a patient with both diagnoses. In this comorbidity group, there were tendencies of a positive interaction for general practitioner visits and negative interactions for all other visits and hospital days. Small or no interactions at all were seen between depression diagnoses and osteoarthritis diagnoses. Conclusions A small increase in primary healthcare visits in comorbid back pain and depression patients was accompanied with a substantial reduction in total healthcare costs and in hospital costs. Our results can be of value in analysing the cost effects of comorbidity and how the coordination of primary and secondary care may have an impact on healthcare costs