EFFECT OF USING THINK-PAIR-SHARE TECHNIQUE ON SPEAKING SKILL AND MOTIVATION TO LEARN ENGLISH OF GRADE XI STUDENTS AT SMA NEGERI 5 PALU

Penelitian in bertujuan untuk mengukur pengaruh penggunaan teknik Berfikir-Berpasangan-Berbagi terhadap keterampilan berbicara dan motivasi belajar bahasa Inggris kelas XI siswa SMA Negeri 5 Palu. Metodenya adalah penelitian quasy experimental dengan rancangan non-equivalent kontrol grup desain. Sample penelitian dipilih secara purposive, di mana peneliti secara sengaja memilih kelas XI IPA 1 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XI IPA 2 sebagai kelas kontrol. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan tes untuk mengukur kemampuan siswa berbicara dan kuisioner untuk mengukur motivasi siswa. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode deskriptif dan statistik uji-t. Data yang diperoleh melalui tes dianalisis dan diuji statistik melalui SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 15.0. Berdasarkan analisis data dari kemampuan siswa berbicara dan motivasi siswa. Ditemukan bahwa nilai rata-rata dari keterampilan berbicara kelas eksperimen (73.50) lebih besar dari kelas kontrol (68). Hasil perbandingan melalui uji-t menunjukkan nilai thitung = 3.355 > nilai ttable = 2.002. Selanjutnya, untuk motivasi siswa, nilai rata-rata kelompok eksperimen adalah 42 dan kelas kontrol adalah 39.37. Hasil perbandingan motivasi siswa melalui uji-t menunjukkan nilai thitung = 2.362 > nilai ttable = 2.002. Sehingga, Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak. Dengan kata lain, penggunaan teknik berfikir-berpasangan-berbagi dapat mempengaruhi kemampuan siswa berbicara dan motivasi siswa. Kata kunci: Pengaruh, Teknik Berpikir-Berpasangan-Berbagi, Berbicara, Keterampilan, Keterampilan Berbicara dan Motivasi

ADDRESS TERMS USED BY THE CHARACTERS OF BROOKLYN NINENINE TELEVISION SHOW: A SOCIOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

The thesis is entitled “Addressing Terms Used By The Characters Of Brooklyn Nine-Nine Television Show: A Sociolinguistic Analysis”. The objectives of the study are (1) to describe the types of address terms used by the characters in a sitcom entitled Brooklyn Nine-Nine; and (2) to identify the social factors that affect the Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters in using certain types of address terms. This research is categorized into descriptive qualitative. The subject of the research is Brooklyn Nine-Nine sitcom and the object of the research is address terms. The data were taken from Brooklyn NineNine episodes, especially, the dialogue which contains address terms. In collecting the data, the researcher used metode simak and noting technique. In analyzing the data, the researcher used metode padan pragmatik. The research findings show there are five types of address terms related to the theory and one additional type that was used in Brooklyn Nine-Nine sitcom. There are six types of address terms in this sitcom. They are first name (FN), title and last name (TLN), title alone (T), pet name (PN), last name (LN) and kinship term (KT). The types of address terms mostly used in this movie are last name, pet name and first name. The use of LN, FN and PN in this sitcom are affected by the scenes and circumstances in the movie. The show mostly take place in the police station which require formal language. The use of certain types of address terms which shows respect is rarely used since it does not reflect formality in language use. The social factors are divided into six. They are particular occasion (PO), rank of other/social status (RO), age (A), family relationship (FR), occupational hierarchy (OH), and degree of intimacy (DI). Degree of intimacy is the most common social factor that occurs in this sitcom, because the sitcom tells about the life among closed detectives

GAMBARAN GEJALA DEPRESI DAN KUALITAS HIDUP PADA PASIEN PASCA STROKE DI POLIKLINIK SARAF RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH DR. ZAINOEL ABIDIN

ABSTRAKStroke merupakan penyebab ketiga kematian di dunia dan menjadi penyebab kecacatan jangka panjang. Gangguan dan perubahan yang terjadi secara mendadak akibat serangan stroke mengakibatkan penderitanya sulit beradaptasi sehingga cenderung mengalami depresi yang pada akhirnya semakin memperburuk kualitas hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran gejala depresi dan kualitas hidup pasien pasca stroke di Poliklinik RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif yang dianalisis menggunakan analisis univariat. Data diperoleh melalui pengisian kuesioner Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) dan Short Form (SF-36). Sampel penelitian ini adalah pasien pasca stroke yang berobat jalan di Poliklinik Saraf RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin periode 5 Desember 2012 ? 15 Februari 2013 yang berjumlah 51 pasien. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi frekuensi pasien stroke tertinggi ditemukan pada laki-laki (64,7%) dan pada usia 56-65 tahun (49%). Sebesar 80,4% pasien mengalami depresi dan 68,6% pasien memiliki kualitas hidup buruk. Ditemukan 51,3% pasien yang berusia 56-65 tahun mengalami depresi pasca stroke dan tertinggi pada laki-laki (58,6%), dengan kategori depresi tertinggi yaitu depresi ringan. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan persentase kualitas hidup buruk paling banyak ditemukan pada perempuan (88,2%) dan pada usia 56-65 tahun (41,2%). Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasien stroke yang mengalami depresi paling banyak ditemukan pada laki-laki dengan kelompok usia 56-65 tahun dan pasien dengankualitas hidup buruk paling banyak ditemukan pada perempuan dengan kelompok usia 56-65 tahun.Kata Kunci: Depresi Pasca Stroke, Kualitas Hidup, Strok

PENGKARYAAN MASKULINITAS PENARI JAIPONG PRIA DALAM FOTOGRAFI PORTRAIT. LARASATI MAGHFIRA PUTRI 146020028

Karya Tugas Akhir ini b ertujuan untuk memvisualkan maskulinitas penari Jaipong pria ditengah stereotype masyarakat yang beranggapan bahwa menari adalah kegiatan yang hanya dilakukan oleh wanita saja, serta citra tari Jaipongan ya ng feminin karena sedikitnya pe nari Jaipong pria saat ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian Tugas Akhir ini adalah metode pen elitian Kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk memahami secara mendalam dan mendetail topik penelitian. Proses pengumpulan data dengan melakukan Observasi di Sangar - sanggar tari Jaipongan diwilayah Kota Bandung, Wawancara kepada penari dan koreografer Jaipong dan melakukan Studi Literatur agar penulis dapat menghimpun data melalui buku dan jurnal serta media - media yang berhubungan dengan topik penelitian penulis yaitu tari Jaipongan dan Maskulinitas pria. Konsep penelitian ini akan menampilkan otot dan urat dari pe nari Jaipong pria yang didukung oleh gerakan tari Jaipongan Pencug Bojong yang memiliki gerakan yang sangat maskulin. P enulis menggunakan setting studio pada saat pemotretan agar subjek yang menjadi fokus utama dalam karya foto ini , dan juga agar otot dan urat dari penari tersebut jadi terlihat jelas . T ari Jaipong yang sebenarnya tidaklah identik sebagai tarian wanita saja, namun juga terdapat sisi pria yang amat maskulin karena tari Jaipong jenis putra memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dengan tari Jaipon g jenis putri yakni mulai dari jenis gerakan, aksesoris dan makna tarian itu sendiri. Kata Kunci : Maskulinitas, Tari Jaipong, Pria, Fotografi Portrait

Syntactic Awareness of Early Childhood Aged 5-6: A Case of Sentence Structure

This study seeks to examine syntactic awareness of children aged 5-6 in Indonesian context. The aims of the study is to investigate early childhood in identifying and correcting active and passive sentences and then describing the characteristics of high and low performing students. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach to data collection and analysis. The data were collected in three ways: 1) Assesment tests, 2) Questionnaire, and 3) Interview. The analysis reveals that the children could identify and correct active sentences (76.69%) and passive sentences (67.16%). In describing the quantitative analysis, this study focuses on the high and low performing students in revealing the characteristics of the data. This study suggests that children have their capacity to engage in learning linguistic. Therefore, the result of this study could be considered to be the cases for further literacy learning. Based on the social aspects, there are 3 main social aspects that characterize high and low performing students; parents’ education background, children activity, and the quantity of child-directed speech. Keywords: syntactic awareness, active and passive sentence, kindergarten stude

KONTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN USAHATANI BUNGA KRISAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI DI KECAMATAN BANDUNGAN KABUPATEN SEMARANG

ABSTRAK Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis pendapatan usahatani bunga krisan, mengetahui profitabilitas usahatani bunga krisan, membandingkan pendapatan usahatani bunga krisan dan pendapatan diluar usahatani bunga krisan dan mengetahui kontribusi usahatani bunga krisan pada pendapatan rumah tangga petani bunga krisan. Metode yang digunakan menggunakan metode survai. Penelitian telah dilakukan pada 40 responden rumah tangga petani bunga krisan di Desa Duren dan Desa Kenteng secara snowball sampling. Metode analisis menggunakan uji one sample t-test dan paired sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pendapatan usahatani bunga krisan adalah Rp 8.311.492 per musim tanam dengan rata-rata luas lahan sebesar 1.173 m2. Profitabilitas usahatani bunga krisan adalah 86,03%. Terdapat perbedaan antara pendapatan bunga krisan dengan pendapatan diluar usahatani bunga krisan yang masing-masing adalah Rp 8.311.492 dan Rp 5.681.896. Kontribusi pendapatan usahatani bunga krisan terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga petani sebesar 59,34%. Kata Kunci: bunga krisan, usahatani, rumah tangga tani, kontribusi pendapata

ANALISIS POTENSI LIKUIFAKSI LAPISAN PASIR PADA PEMBANGUNAN FLYOVER SIMPANG SURABAYA BANDA ACEH

Gempa bumi merupakan peristiwa berguncangnya permukaan bumi akibat pelepasan energi secara tiba-tiba dengan berbagai intensitas. Aceh merupakan daerah rawan bencana dan termasuk daerah yang aktif gempa karena berada pada jalur pertemuan dua lempeng bumi, yaitu lempeng Indo-Australia dan Eurasia. Salah satu risiko yang disebabkan oleh gempa bumi adalah likuifaksi yang merupakan keruntuhan struktur tanah. Likuifaksi sangat rentan terjadi pada tanah pasir dan jenuh air. Kondisi yang paling mungkin mengakibatkan terjadinya likuifaksi adalah jika terdapat lapisan pasir yang dikombinasikan dengan muka air tanah yang tinggi sehingga tanah akan mencair dan berperilaku sebagai fluida dan tidak mempunyai kekuatan lagi untuk menopang bangunan diatasnya. Berdasarkan data penyelidikan tanah yang dikumpulkan dari data sekunder, tanah di lokasi pembangunan Flyover Simpang Surabaya Banda Aceh cenderung berpasir sehingga mempunyai potensi terjadi likuifaksi. Maka dari itu perlu dihitung agar dapat menghindari keruntuhan bangunan. Tujuan dari perhitungan ini adalah untuk mengetahui lebih awal potensi terjadinya keruntuhan struktur tanah akibat likuifaksi pada saat terjadi gempa bumi. Likuifaksi dapat dihitung dengan menganalisis profil borlog, nilai N SPT, kerapatan relatif, berat volume tanah dan nilai parameter gempa menggunakan metode Seed & Idriss (1971), Whitman (1971), dan Valera & Donovan (1977). Hasil studi ini menunjukkan secara garis besar terjadi likuifaksi pada Flyover Simpang Surabaya. Hasil perhitungan likuifaksi menggunakan metode Seed & Idriss (1971) berpotensi likuifaksi, kecuali pada magnitude 8 SR tidak berpotensi likuifaksi karena pusat gempa jauh dari lokasi penelitian sehingga percepatan gempa di permukaan tanah kecil. Metode Whitman (1971) juga berpotensi likuifaksi tergantung dengan lapisan yang ditinjau, semakin dalam lapisan pasir maka tidak berpotensi likuifaksi. Metode Valera & Donovan (1977) likuifaksi lebih beragam tergantung dengan besaran magnitude yang terjadi. Analisis potensi likuifaksi ini bermanfaat untuk menghindari potensi terjadinya likuifaksi dengan melakukan pencegahan peningkatkan tekanan air pori secara mendadak

The Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts between Higher and Lower Social Class in Titanic Movie

The Use of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts between Higher and Lower Social Class in Titanic Movie    Isna Kusuma Maghfira English Literature Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya [email protected] Lisetyo Ariyanti, S.S., M.Pd. English Department Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Surabaya   Abstrak Menurut seorang filsuf bahasa Amerika JR Searle (1969 : 22 ) berbicara bahasa adalah melakukan tindak tutur , bertindak seperti membuat laporan , memberikan perintah , mengajukan pertanyaan , atau membuat janji . Saat melakukan tindak tutur , orang dapat menggunakan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung . Dalam membuat ucapan , orang kadang-kadang menggunakan makna implisit dan kadang-kadang menggunakan makna eksplisit . Hal ini tergantung pada kondisi dan situasi speaker dan pendengar . Seseorang menggunakan Direct Speech Acts untuk memberikan informasi secara langsung kepada pendengar . Umumnya , pembicara adalah orang yang memiliki posisi lebih tinggi atau sudah memiliki hubungan yang dekat dengan pendengar . Sedangkan penggunaan tindak tutur tidak langsung adalah untuk memperbaiki apa yang ingin Anda katakan dan juga menjaga kesopanan . Sehubungan dengan penjelasan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung , penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana aplikasi tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung yang digunakan dalam film Titanic . Yang membuat penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan adalah bahwa dalam film Titanic ada perbedaan latar belakang sosial dan juga berisi dengan berbagai emosi . Penulis menekankan analisis dalam bahasa lisan yang digunakan oleh karakter . Ada beberapa perbedaan dalam penggunaan tindak tutur langsung dan tidak langsung karena mereka berasal dari kelas yang berbeda . Dalam melakukan penelitian ini , penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena itu menganalisis data dalam bentuk kata-kata yang memerlukan intrepretasi makna , konsep , dan definisi deskriptif . Penulis menjadikan dirinya sebagai instrumen kunci yang mengumpulkan data dari percakapan yang dilakukan oleh karakter dalam film Titanic . Penulis juga menggunakan naskah film Titanic yang diadaptasi dan diperbaiki dengan film untuk membantu penelitiannya . Dengan merevisi penelitian ini , dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam komunikasi sosial , hal penting yang digunakan untuk menjadi prihatin adalah pilihan dari ucapan kita untuk melakukan percakapan yang tepat dan efektif . Peneliti selanjutnya , terutama di bidang yang sama harus mampu melihat keluar lebih dalam objek penelitian untuk membuat persepsi yang lebih baik .     KATA KUNCI : tindak tutur , langsung , tidak langsung , Titanic film Abstract According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle (1969: 22) speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, or making promise.  While doing speech act, people can use direct and indirect speech act.  In making utterance, people sometimes use implicit meaning and sometimes use explicit meaning.  It depends on the condition and situation of the speakers and hearers.  Someone uses Direct Speech Acts to provide information directly to the listener.  Generally, the speaker is a person who has a higher position or already have a close relationship with the listener.  Whereas the use of Indirect Speech Acts is to refine what you want to say and also maintain modesty.  In relation with the explanation of direct and indirect speech acts, this study is purposed to find out how is the applications of direct and indirect speech acts which are used in Titanic movie.  What makes this study important to be done is that in the Titanic movie there are differences of social background and it is drawn by various emotions.  The writer emphasizes the analysis in the spoken language that are used by the characters.  There are several differences in the use of direct and indirect speech acts since they are coming from different class.  In conducting this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method because it analyzes the data in the form of words that need to intrepret the meanings, concepts, and definitions descriptively.  The writer made herself as the key instrument that collected the data from the conversation performed by the characters in Titanic movie.  The writers also used Titanic movie script which is adapted and corrected with the movie to help her research.  By revising this study, it can be concluded that in social communication, the essential thing that used to be concerned is the options of our utterance to make a proper and effective conversation.  The next researcher, especially in the same field should be able to look out deeper in the object of the study to make a better perception.     KEY WORDS: speech acts, direct, indirect, Titanic movie     INTRODUCTION Humans are created as social creature that live along and depend on each other.  Those dependences are none other to fulfill the needs of each individual.  In the effort to fulfill their needs, someone must communicate each other.  Humans cannot be separated from communication because it is an essential thing to exchange thoughts, messages, or information.  We cannot not to communicate.  In every attitude and behavior we processes, we have communication potential (Mulyana, 2000:98).  In communicating with other people, someone needs a tool or intermediary to convey the message.  This intermediary is language.  Language is an inseparable part of our life.  It is an essential tool used to transmit messages, information, thoughts, and opinions.  It puts us in the society we live in; it does also determine our position in various societies. Trudgill (in Khosyi’ul: 2007:1) states that:  Language is a social phenomenon.  Society can be reflected through language.  There are three factors reflected in language, those are physical environment, social environment, and social values.  Physical environment is a circumstance or a place in which group live; people who live in a small group have differences in speaking from one that live in town and small groups.  Social environment can be reflected in a language especially in the field of vocabulary and pronunciation.  Social values are a set of norms and tradition owned by a society.  The norms and tradition can be reflected in a language because society’s norms and tradition are different from other societies.   Society has a big role in determining the proper way of language use.  In certain circumstances, a person should be able to apply the language on its appropriate usage.  We should understand when the message is delivered, with whom we are speaking, what topics are raised, and how the message is delivered.  Proper use of language is very important for communication as to avoid misunderstandings and the listener is not offended.  According to an American language philosopher J.R. Searle (1969: 22) speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, or making promise.  While doing speech act, people can use direct and indirect speech act.  In making utterance, people sometimes use implicit meaning and sometimes use explicit meaning.  It is depend on the condition and situation of the speakers and hearers. Someone uses Direct Speech Acts to provide information directly to the listener.  Generally, the speaker is a person who has a higher position or already has a close relationship with the listener.  Whereas the use of Indirect Speech Acts to refine what you want to say and also maintain modesty.  Usually someone using the Indirect Speech Acts because he hesitate to say directly or because it the speaker and listener are distant.  When people using direct and indirect speech acts, they sometimes also use slang word and imagery. In this research, the writer use Titanic movie to be analyzed because it gives an overview of various conditions and situations of human life.  Titanic movie also presents cultural and social differences that lead to form a language and communication.  The characters in the movie show both direct and indirect speech acts according to the situation and condition. Titanic is an epic movie in history – simultaneously the most expensive and the most successful movie ever made, costing $200 million and grossing over$3.7 billion worldwide as of January 1999.  The record setting movie “Titanic” is based on the true history of the Titanic includes the love interest of the main characters, played by Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet.  The romantic story is not original, but this is not a bad thing.  The director, Cameron re-invents the story to fit the time period and its characters.  As everyone knows the true history of Titanic, it strucked an iceberg and sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic, killing 1500 of the 2200 passengers on board. In this movie, Jack and Rose’s love story is being the point of the plot and story.  But actually this movie is not just the tale of remarkable love story about Jack and Rose.  It is a story of humanity presuming to tame the fortune and nature.  The researcher also concerns about the setting which is taken by Titanic.  This movie represents the social condition under King George V monarch in Great Britain.  There is quite a lot of industrial unrest in Britain.  The creation of Titanic becomes evidence about the development of Britain’s industry.  Titanic, the ship of dreams is also known as unsinkable, and it was sunken on its first voyage.  The society at that time thinks that everyone who rides on Titanic are the luckiest man ever.  Titanic is built after the Olympic and Britannic as the first and second ships produce by White Star Line.  Titanic is constructed as the biggest, largest, and, the most luxurious ship.  In Britain at this time, racial prejudices are still high.  There is still a huge gap between social classes and also gender equality.  Money and status is the power to control the society at that time.  The society also really concerns about appropriate communication and behavior use.  The main highlight of this movie is about the love story between Jack and Rose.  Their love story becomes a conflict because of difference social class.  Jack Dawson is a poor artist who lives with no rules and does anything he wants to do freely.  While Rose DeWitt is a rich girl who lives in a strict society which is full of rules and really concern with every word and behavior conducted.  Rose leaves her fiancé Caledon Hockley, a selfish and arrogant man for this poor artist.  But when the Titanic strucks the iceberg on April 14th, 1992, and then when the ship sinks on April 15th, 1912 at 2:20 in the morning, Jack dies and Rose survives as she promises to Jack that she will survive and do better life.  Finally, Rose and 700 other in lifeboats are saved and taken to Carpathia.   The Carpathia immigration officer asks Rose what her name is and she says her name is not Rose DeWitt Bukater, but her name is Rose Dawson.  She does this because she loves Jack so much and because she has promised him to get a better life, since admitting her real name which leads her life back to Caledon will not make a better life.  She sees Cal looking for her, but he does not see her, and they never end up together.  Her mother, Cal, friends, and families think that she died on Titanic. In accordance to the story above, the writer use Titanic movie to be analyzed because the movie is very phenomenal and familiar.  And for, in the Titanic movie, there are so many emotions drawn in the various characters which are shown in the movie.  Also there are many certain circumstances in which determined their way to speak.  We can imagine that there is various direct and indirect speech acts existed as the concern of this study.  By using easy-understanding language, the writer aims to give a view of direct and indirect communication, the use of those, and how the application in the daily life based on the theory.   RESEARCH METHOD This research is classified as a descriptive qualitative method because the following reasons.  First, it aims to find out, describe, and explain the speech acts focuses on direct and indirect speech acts between higher and lower class in Titanic movie based on George Yule’s theory.  Second, the data are in form of explanations or symbolic one, not number.  The data are interpreted and displayed presented descriptively and systematically based on the supporting theory. The source of data in this research is Titanic movie.  The data of this study are in the form of English words, phrases, and sentences collected from the conversation used by the characters in the movie which are included the direct and indirect speech acts.  Besides, to make data clearer the writer needs to find out other related sources, such as from internet that focused on everything about Titanic and also direct and indirect speech acts. The subjects of this research are speech or word both verbal and nonverbal produced by all the characters in Titanic movie. As the research instruments the writer the writer included herself in the key instruments.  In additional, the writer also used movie script of Titanic movie to help her research.  By using the script, the writer can analyze the specific problem stated easier word by word. After acquiring the subjects of the study, the writer collects the data from the speeches used by all the character in Titanic movie.  The data of this research are collected through the process as follows: (1) Watches Titanic movie and correct the movie script, (2) Reads related texts, and (3) Chooses the conversation. Data analysis in this research was done by identifying speech acts occupying in the movie, the purpose of the speech act in the movie, and also the speech acts used in the movie.  The writer arranges some steps as follows: (1) Watching and collecting information from the movie, (2) Reading and understanding the text of Titanic movie, (3) Identifying the speech acts from each scene used in the Titanic movie, (4) Discussing and classifying the speech act from each scene in the Titanic movie into direct and indirect speech acts, (5) Summarizing and concluding the research finding.     PRAGMATICS According to Yule (1995: 4), pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of the users, especially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on the other participants in an act of communication. Pragmatics is about how people understand other’s thought and idea which are expressed through verbal communication. Furthermore, Mey (2001:42) stated that pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society. Levinson (1996:21) added that pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding. So pragmatics can be defined as a study talking about the relationship between language and context, in which the contextual meaning of an utterance can be different from the grammatical meaning.   SPEECH ACT THEORY According to American language philosopher J.R.  Searle speaking a language is performing speech acts, acts such as making statements, giving command, as making statements, giving commands, asking questions or making promises.  Searle states that all linguistic communication involves linguistic (speech) acts.  In other words, speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication (1976:16).  They are not mere artificial linguistic constructs as it may seem, their understanding together with the acquaintance of context in which they are performed are often essential for decoding the whole utterance and its proper meaning.  The speech acts are used in standard quotidian exchanges as well as in jokes or drama for instance. J.L. Austin is the first linguist who proposed the theory of speech act; his theory of speech act was adopted and developed by the subsequent linguists.  George Yule (1996) includes speech acts classification, performatives, felicity condition, direct and indirect speech acts. Yule (1996:47) proposes that speech acts is performed action via utterance. Another definition from Crystal in Soekemi (1995:121) mentions that speech act is a theory which analyses the role of utterance in relation to the behavior of speaker and listener in interpersonal communication. In brief when speakers are saying words, they not only produce utterance containing words and grammatical structure, but they also perform action in those utterances.                 Austin in Yule (1996:48) described kinds of acts; they are locutionary act, illocutionary act and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary Acts This component of the speech act is probably the least ambiguous. Bach and Harnish (Bach and Harnish 1979: 19), commenting on Austin’s work, point out that Austin distinguish three aspects of the locutionary act.  Austin claims that to say anything is: A. Always to perform the act of uttering certain noises (a phonetic act) B. Always to perform the act of uttering certain vocables or words (a phatic act) C. Generally to perform the act of using that [sentence] or its constituents with certain more or less definite ‘sense’ and a more or less definite ‘reference’, which together are equivalent to ‘meaning’ (rhetic act).   From this division it follows that the locutionary act comprises other three “sub-acts”: phonetic, phatic and rhetic. This distinction as well as the notion of locutionary act in general was often criticized by Austin’s followers. Searle even completely rejects Austin’s division and proposes his own instead (Searle, 1968: 405).  Searle (Searle, 1968:412) warns that Austin’s rhetic act is nothing else but a reformulated description of the illocutionary act and he therefore suggests another term, the so-called propositional act which expresses the proposition (a neutral phrase without illocutionary force). In other words, a proposition is the content of the utterance.  Wardhaugh offers this explanation. Propositional acts are those matters having to do with referring and predicating: we use language to refer to matters in the world and to make predictions about such matters (Wardaugh, 1992: 285).  Propositional acts cannot occur alone since the speech act would not be complete.  The proposition is thus expressed in the performance of an illocutionary act.  What is essential to note here is that not all illocutionary acts must necessarily have a proposition (utterances expressing states such as ‘Ouch!’ or ‘Damn!’ are “proposition less” as Searle observes (Searle 1976:30)).  Having defined the proposition and propositional acts, Searle modifies Austin’s ideas and states that there are utterance acts (utterance acts are similar to Austin’s phonetic and phatic “sub-acts”, Searle (1976:24) defines them as mere uttering morphemes, words and sentences), propositional acts and illocutionary acts.   Utterance acts together with propositional acts are an inherent part of the theory of speech acts but what linguists concentrate on the most is undoubtedly the issue of illocutionary acts. Illocutionary acts Illocutionary acts are considered the core of the theory of speech acts. As already suggested above, an illocutionary act is the action performed by the speaker in producing a given utterance. The illocutionary act is closely connected with speaker’s intentions, e.g. stating, questioning, promising, requesting, threatening, giving commands and many others. As Yule (Yule, 1996: 48) claims, the illocutionary act is thus performed via the communicative force of an utterance which is also generally known as illocutionary force of the utterance. Basically, the illocutionary act indicates how the whole utterance is to be taken in the conversation.   Sometimes it is not easy to determine what kind of illocutionary act the speaker performs.  To hint his intentions and to show how the proposition should be taken the speaker uses many indications, ranging from the most obvious ones, such as unambiguous performative verbs, to the more solid ones, among which mainly various paralinguistic features (stress, timbre and intonation) and word order should be mentioned.  All these hints or let’s say factors influencing the meaning of the utterance are called Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices, or IFID as Yule, referring to previous Searle’ s work, calls them (Yule, 1996: 49). In order to correctly decode the illocutionary act performed by the speaker, it is also necessary for the hearer to be acquainted with the context the speech act occurs in.  Mey (Mey, 1993: 139) says that one should not believe a speech act to be taking place, before one has considered, or possibly created, the appropriate con