263 research outputs found
Oxygen-induced p(2x3) reconstruction on Mo(112) studied by LEED and STM
The open trough-and-row Mo(112) surface serves as substrate for the epitaxial growth of MoO2. In the early stage of oxygen exposure, oxygen chemisorption induces a p(2x3) surface reconstruction of the missing row type on Mo(112). The surface structure of this reconstructed surface has been studied in detail by low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscope. The experimental findings can be explained based on the effective medium theory for oxygen adsorption on transition-metal surfaces, providing a structure model for the oxygen-modified Mo(112) surface. The structure model allows the discussion of the oxygen-chemisorbed surface phase as a possible precursor state fo
Descendants of the first stars: the distinct chemical signature of second generation stars
Extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars in the Milky Way (MW) allow us to infer the
properties of their progenitors by comparing their chemical composition to the
metal yields of the first supernovae. This method is most powerful when applied
to mono-enriched stars, i.e. stars that formed from gas that was enriched by
only one previous supernova. We present a novel diagnostic to identify this
subclass of EMP stars. We model the first generations of star formation
semi-analytically, based on dark matter halo merger trees that yield MW-like
halos at the present day. Radiative and chemical feedback are included
self-consistently and we trace all elements up to zinc. Mono-enriched stars
account for only of second generation stars in our fiducial model
and we provide an analytical formula for this probability. We also present a
novel analytical diagnostic to identify mono-enriched stars, based on the metal
yields of the first supernovae. This new diagnostic allows us to derive our
main results independently from the specific assumptions made regarding Pop III
star formation, and we apply it to a set of observed EMP stars to demonstrate
its strengths and limitations. Our results may provide selection criteria for
current and future surveys and therefore contribute to a deeper understanding
of EMP stars and their progenitors.Comment: 18 pages, 20 figures, published in MNRA
The leukemogenic fusion gene MLL-AF9 alters microRNA expression pattern and inhibits monoblastic differentiation via miR-511 repression
BACKGROUND: In this study we explored the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as mediators of leukemogenic effects of the fusion gene MLL-AF9, which results from a frequent chromosomal translocation in infant and monoblastic acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: We performed a specific and efficient knockdown of endogenous MLL-AF9 in the human monoblastic AML cell line THP1. RESULTS: The knockdown associated miRNA expression profile revealed 21 MLL-AF9 dependently expressed miRNAs. Gene ontology analyses of target genes suggested an impact of these miRNAs on downstream gene regulation via targeting of transcriptional modulators as well as involvement in many functions important for leukemia maintenance as e.g. myeloid differentiation, cell cycle and stem cell maintenance. Furthermore, we identified one of the most intensely repressed miRNAs, miR-511, to raise CCL2 expression (a chemokine ligand important for immunosurveillance), directly target cyclin D1, inhibit cell cycle progression, increase cellular migration and promote monoblastic differentiation. With these effects, miR-511 may have a therapeutic potential as a pro-differentiation agent as well as in leukemia vaccination approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides new insights into the understanding of miRNAs as functional mediators of the leukemogenic fusion gene MLL-AF9 and opens new opportunities to further investigate specific therapeutic options for AML via the miRNA level. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0283-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users
Bounds on neutrino masses from leptogenesis in type-II see-saw models
The presence of the triplet in left-right symmetric theories
leads to type-II see-saw mechanism for the neutrino masses. In these models,
assuming a normal mass hierarchy for the heavy Majorana neutrinos, we derive a
lower bound on the mass of the lightest of heavy Majorana neutrino from the
leptogenesis constraint. From this bound we establish a consistent picture for
the hierarchy of heavy Majorana neutrinos in a class of left right symmetric
models in which we identify the neutrino Dirac mass matrix with that of
Fritzsch type charged lepton mass matrix. It is shown that these values are
compatible with the current neutrino oscillation data.Comment: minor typos corrected, references added, match with published versio
The chemical composition of globular clusters in the Local Group
We present detailed abundance measurements for 45 globular clusters (GCs) in
galaxies in (and, in one case, beyond) the Local Group. The measurements are
based on new high-resolution integrated-light spectra of GCs in NGC 185, NGC
205, M31, M33, and NGC 2403, combined with reanalysis of previous observations
of GCs in the Fornax dSph, WLM, NGC 147, NGC 6822, and the Milky Way. The GCs
cover the range -2.8 < [Fe/H] < -0.1 and we determined abundances for Fe, Na,
Mg, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Ba, and Eu. Corrections for non
local thermodynamic equilibrium effects are included for Na, Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn,
Fe, Ni, and Ba. For several of the galaxies, our measurements provide the first
quantitative constraints on the detailed composition of their metal-poor
stellar populations. Overall, the GCs in different galaxies exhibit remarkably
uniform abundance patterns of the alpha-, iron-peak, and neutron-capture
elements, with a dispersion of less than 0.1 dex in [alpha/Fe] for the full
sample. There is a hint that GCs in dwarf galaxies are slightly less
alpha-enhanced (by about 0.04 dex on average) than those in larger galaxies.
One GC in M33 (HM33-B) resembles the most metal-rich GCs in the Fornax dSph
(Fornax 4) and NGC 6822 (SC7) by having alpha-element abundances closer to
scaled-solar values, possibly hinting at an accretion origin. We find that the
alpha-element abundances strongly correlate with those of Na, Sc, Ni, and Zn.
Several GCs with [Fe/H]<-1.5 are deficient in Mg compared to other
alpha-elements. We find no GCs with strongly enhanced r-process abundances as
reported for metal-poor stars in some ultra-faint dwarfs and the Magellanic
Clouds. The similarity of the abundance patterns for metal-poor GCs in
different environments points to similar early enrichment histories and only
allow for minor variations in the initial mass function.Comment: 34 pages + 6 appendices. Accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
Leptogenesis Bound on Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking of Global Lepton Number
We propose a new class of leptogenesis bounds on the spontaneous symmetry
breaking of global lepton number. These models have a generic feature of
inducing new lepton number violating interactions, due to the presence of the
Majorons. We analyzed the singlet Majoron model with right-handed neutrinos and
find that the lepton number should be broken above 10^5 GeV to realize a
successful leptogenesis because the annihilations of the right-handed neutrinos
into the massless Majorons and into the standard model Higgs should go out of
equilibrium before the sphaleron process is over. We then argue that this type
of leptogenesis constraint should exist in the singlet-triplet Majoron models
as well as in a class of R-parity violating supersymmetric Majoron models.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Population III X-ray Binaries and their Impact on the Early Universe
The first population of X-ray binaries (XRBs) is expected to affect the
thermal and ionization states of the gas in the early Universe. Although these
X-ray sources are predicted to have important implications for high-redshift
observable signals, such as the hydrogen 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn and the
cosmic X-ray background, their properties are poorly explored, leaving
theoretical models largely uninformed. In this paper we model a population of
X-ray binaries arising from zero metallicity stars. We explore how their
properties depend on the adopted initial mass function (IMF) of primordial
stars, finding a strong effect on their number and X-ray production efficiency.
We also present scaling relations between XRBs and their X-ray emission with
the local star formation rate, which can be used in sub-grid models in
numerical simulations to improve the X-ray feedback prescriptions.
Specifically, we find that the uniformity and strength of the X-ray feedback in
the intergalactic medium is strongly dependant on the IMF. Bottom-heavy IMFs
result in a smoother distribution of XRBs, but have a luminosity orders of
magnitude lower than more top-heavy IMFs. Top-heavy IMFs lead to more spatially
uneven, albeit strong, X-ray emission. An intermediate IMF has a strong X-ray
feedback while sustaining an even emission across the intergalactic medium.
These differences in X-ray feedback could be probed in the future with
measurements of the cosmic dawn 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen, which offers us
a new way of constraining population III IMF.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 17 pages, 9 figure
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