An overview of gossypol and methods of its detoxification in cottonseed meal for non-ruminant feed applications

348-358Cottonseed is a by-product of the cotton crop rich in protein and oil. The products obtained from cottonseed are meal, oil, linters and hulls. The defatted cottonseed meal (CSM) is an important ruminant feed. However, its use in small animals is limited due to the presence of gossypol. Gosssypol is a toxic polyphenolic compound present in the entire cotton plant including its seed. The amount of total gossypol in CSM varies with the species and it ranges between 1.0 to 1.5%. Gossypol causes reproductive diseases and its toxicity level varies with the animals. Also, this substance is a compound of interest for pharmaceutical and medical applications. According to US-Food and Drug Administration, the food and feed products should contain less than 0.045% of free gossypol (FG). Researchers developed various methods, pre-processing (glandless cotton) and post-processing (physical, chemical and biological) for detoxification of gossypol in CSM to obtain FG level within this limit. The detoxified CSM finds application in the feed of dairy, poultry, piggery, aquaculture etc. In this review; chemistry, toxicity, bioactivity, and methods of estimation of gossypol and various strategies undertaken so far to detoxify gossypol in CSM for non-ruminant feed applications have been discussed

An overview of gossypol and methods of its detoxification in cottonseed meal for non-ruminant feed applications

Cottonseed is a by-product of the cotton crop rich in protein and oil. The products obtained from cottonseed are meal, oil, linters and hulls. The defatted cottonseed meal (CSM) is an important ruminant feed. However, its use in small animals is limited due to the presence of gossypol. Gosssypol is a toxic polyphenolic compound present in the entire cotton plant including its seed. The amount of total gossypol in CSM varies with the species and it ranges between 1.0 to 1.5%. Gossypol causes reproductive diseases and its toxicity level varies with the animals. Also, this substance is a compound of interest for pharmaceutical and medical applications. According to US-Food and Drug Administration, the food and feed products should contain less than 0.045% of free gossypol (FG). Researchers developed various methods, pre-processing (glandless cotton) and post-processing (physical, chemical and biological) for detoxification of gossypol in CSM to obtain FG level within this limit. The detoxified CSM finds application in the feed of dairy, poultry, piggery, aquaculture etc. In this review; chemistry, toxicity, bioactivity, and methods of estimation of gossypol and various strategies undertaken so far to detoxify gossypol in CSM for non-ruminant feed applications have been discussed

Role of antibiosis on suppression of bacterial common blight disease in French bean by Paenibacillus polymyxa strain HKA-15

Paenibacillus polymyxa strain HKA-15, a soybean bacterial endophyte showed strong antagonism against bacterial common blight pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli strains M-5 and CP-1-1. In agar diffusion assay, the antibacterial metabolite from P. polymyxa HKA-15 showed a clear zone of inhibition against M-5 and CP-1-1. Under phytotron conditions, the biocontrol activity of P. polymyxa HKA-15 against bacterial common blight pathogen X. campestris pv. phaseoli M-5 was assessed. At four days after inoculation of M-5, lowest mean disease rate (MDR) (1.13) and percent disease incidence (PDI) (28.25) were recorded in streptomycin sulphate at 100 ppm as positive chemical treatment. The application of crude metabolite from P. polymyxa HKA-15 at 100 ppm was on par with positive chemical control in suppression of bacterial common blight disease in French bean plants.Key words: Antibacterial activity, biocontrol, French bean, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits

Cottonseed is one of the important by-products of the cotton crop. Researchers claim that cottonseed with less than 0.45% of gossypol is quite good for human consumption and animal feeding because it is a rich source of protein, edible oil, and energy. Total and free gossypols are the influencing parameters that reduce the edible nature of the cottonseed. In the present work, multiple quadratic regression models have been prepared to predict the reduction in the free and total gossypol percent. This response surface method (RSM)-based approach was applied to investigate the combined effect between input parameters such as acetone level, time of extraction, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and the number of extraction cycles, whereas output responses are free and total gossypol reduction percentage. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the highly significant parameter. The optimum combination of input parameters was determined using the RSM-based desirability approach, and confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the combination. Results revealed that the number of extraction cycles and liquid-to-solid ratio significantly affects the reduction of free and total gossypol levels. The values of r-square were found above 0.9, which indicates that the developed models are suitable and reliable for predicting free and total gossypol reduction percentage

Solid-State Fermentation for Gossypol Detoxification and Nutritive Enrichment of Cottonseed Cake: A Scale-Up of Batch Fermentation Process

Gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound, limits the use of cottonseed cake (CSC) in animal feed. Different approaches have been employed to detoxify gossypol and improve the nutritive properties of feed. Microbial fermentation improves the nutritive quality of CSC by increasing lysine content and reducing free and bound gossypol. In this study, microbial fermentation was scaled up under batch conditions using a prototype device at the capacity of 40 kg per day. The mixed fungal culture C. tropicalis + S. cerevisiae was used for fermentation. An industrial trial was taken to ascertain the gossypol detoxification efficiency. The fermented CSC obtained under scale-up process had 60 to 80% and 40 to 60% reduction of free and bound gossypol, respectively, compared with raw CSC. The fermented CSC demonstrated an increase in crude protein (4 to 12%) and lysine (0.3 to 0.4%) and decrease in crude fibre (3 to 11%). The fermented CSC met the standards of US Food and Drug Administration in terms of its nutritional property. Thus, the simple method described in this study could be adopted for the production of detoxified CSC for use in the animal feed industry

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Calothrixins B and their Deoxygenated Analogues

A series of calothrixin B (<b>2</b>) analogues bearing substituents at the ‘E’ ring and their corresponding deoxygenated quinocarbazoles lacking quinone unit were synthesized. The cytotoxicities of calothrixins <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>15b</b>–<b>p</b> and quinocarbazole analogues were investigated against nine cancer cell lines. The quinocarbazoles <b>21a</b> and <b>25a</b> inhibited the catalytic activity of human topoisomerase II. The plasmid DNA cleavage abilities of calothrixins <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>15b</b>–<b>p</b> identified compound <b>15h</b> causing DNA cleavage comparable to that of calothrixin A (<b>1</b>). Calothrixin A (<b>1</b>), 3-fluorocalothrixin <b>15h</b> and 4-fluoroquinocarbazole <b>21b</b> induced extensive DNA damage followed by apoptotic cell death. Spectral and plasmid unwinding studies demonstrated an intercalative mode of binding for quinocarbazoles. We identified two promising drug candidates, the 3-fluorocalothrixin B <b>15h</b> with low toxicity in animal model and its deoxygenated derivative 4-fluoroquinocarbazole <b>21b</b> as having potent cytotoxicity against NCI-H460 cell line with a GI₅₀ of 1 nM