Die Mehrdeutigkeit als Träger des sprachlichen Witzes

W niniejszym artykule opisany i zbadany został jeden z wyznaczników dowcipu słownego, jakim jest szeroko pojęta wieloznaczność. Technika wykorzystywana w przypadku dowcipu polisemicznego polega na neutralizacji czynników, które sygnalizują w tekście różne znaczenia każdego wieloznacznego wyrazu. Elementem wyodrębniającym jedno konkretne znaczenie jest kontekst, czyli najbliższe leksykalne lub syntaktyczne otoczenie wyrazu kluczowego. W przypadku dowcipu polisemantycznego kompozycja kontekstu charakteryzuje się dużą różnorodnością – kontekst jest maksymalnie neutralny i sygnalizuje znaczenie, które nie może być zrealizowane

Effects of in vitro addition of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leucocyte responses

12 páginas, 5 figurasInfectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) did not replicate in rainbow trout macrophages cultured in vitro, but a limited increase in viral titer was observed when total leucocytes were infected with the virus. Macrophages did not respond directly to IPNV, in that IPNV did not trigger the respiratory burst of these cells, even when the macrophages were previously stimulated. Supematants were generated from leucocytes and macrophages exposed to the virus, using a variety of incubation periods and viral titers, to investigate whether virus stimulation induced the secretion of any immunomodulatory substances from these cells. No effect on macrophage responses was detected when these supematants were added to new macrophage monolayers. However, IPNV produced a significant reduction of LPS-induced B cell proliferation, in a dose-dependent manner, indicative of at least one immunosuppressive effect induced by this virus.This research was partially supported by The British Council (UK), the Ministerio de Educaci6n y Ciencia (Spain) and CICYT through Coordinated Action HB 93- 131 and Grant AGF93-0679-C02-02. Beatriz Novoa acknowledges the Ministerio de Education y Ciencia (Spain), for the research fellowship in the Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen. UK.Peer reviewe

Zachowania zdrowotne studentów Dietetyki = Health behaviors of students of Dietetics

Weber-Rajek Magdalena, Radzimińska Agnieszka, Kalisz Zdzisława, Hoffmann Magdalena, Juraszek Karolina, Goch Aleksander, Zukow Walery. Zachowania zdrowotne studentów Dietetyki = Health behaviors of students of Dietetics. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(6):469-477. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56236http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3619 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 05.05.2016. Revised 25.05.2016. Accepted: 16.06.2016. Zachowania zdrowotne studentów Dietetyki Health behaviors of students of Dietetics Magdalena Weber-Rajek1, Agnieszka Radzimińska1, Zdzisława Kalisz2, Magdalena Hoffmann3, Karolina Juraszek4, Aleksander Goch5, Walery Zukow6 1.     Katedra Fizjoterapii, Zakład Podstaw Fizjoterapii, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu2.     Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy3.     Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne w Gdańsku, Klinika Nadciśnienia Tętniczego i Diabetologii4.     Centrum Onkologii im. prof. F. Łukaszczyka w Bydgoszczy, Zakład Rehabilitacji5.     Katedra Fizjoterapii, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu6.        Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Słowa kluczowe: zachowania zdrowotne, studenci.Key words: health behaviors, students.  StreszczenieBardzo ważną rolę w procesie ochrony zdrowia jest styl życia człowieka – jego nawyki oraz wzorce postępowania. Celem badań była ocena zachowań zdrowotnych studentów kierunku Dietetyka. Grupę badawczą (Grupa I) stanowiło 80 studentów kierunku Dietetyka. Grupę porównawczą (Grupa II) stanowiło 70 studentów kierunków „niemedycznych” (kierunki inżynierskie). W grupie studentów Dietetyki uzyskano wysoki poziom zachowań zdrowotnych. Najwyższy poziom zachowań zdrowotnych uzyskano w kategorii „prawidłowe nawyki żywieniowe”. Studenci kierunku Dietetyka uzyskali wyższe wyniki zachowań zdrowotnych od studentów kierunków inżynierskich. Wprowadzanie programów promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej powinno objąć wszystkie kierunki studiów, tym bardziej, że wczesna dorosłość jest najlepszym okresem dla osiągnięcia długotrwałych korzyści z wyboru zdrowego trybu życia.   SummaryVery important role in the protection of health is a lifestyle - habits and patterns of conduct. The aim of the study was to assess health behaviors of Dietetics students. The research group (Group I) conducted of 80 students of Dietetics. The control group (Group II) conducted of 70 students of non-medical (in engineering). In the group of Dietetic student achieved a high level of health behaviors. The highest level of health behaviors was achieved in the category of "nutrition habits." Students of Dietetics scored higher health behavior of engineering students. Entering programs of health promotion and health education should be extended to all fields of study, especially that early adulthood is the best time to achieve long-term benefits of a healthy lifestyle choice

Einleitung: Eltern und Kinder – Zur Normativität ihrer Beziehung

Bis vor wenigen Jahren hätte ein Beitrag zur Familienethik mit einem Hinweis darauf begonnen, dass es sich dabei um ein philosophisches Forschungsdesiderat handelt. In der Zwischenzeit hat sich die Situation merklich verändert: Zahlreiche Sammelbände, Monographien und Aufsätze zeugen davon, dass sich die Familienethik zunehmender Beachtung erfreut und die Beziehung zwischen Eltern und Kindern ebenso wie die Rechte und Pflichten von Eltern und Kindern untereinander eine eingehendere Analyse verdienen. In dieser Einleitung werden einige gesellschaftliche und innerphilosophische Entwicklungen skizziert, die zur zunehmenden Beachtung der Familienethik geführt haben. Darüber hinaus wird ein Überblick über die Beiträge des Schwerpunktes gegeben

Wildagliptin in type 2 diabetes therapy — from theory to clinical practice

Inhibitory dipeptydylopeptydazy to nowa klasa leków przeciwhiperglikemicznych o unikalnym działaniu inkretynowym. Wilgagliptyna, jeden z pr zedstawicieli tej grupy, skutecznie poprawia kontrolę glikemii, zarówno w zakresie glikemii na czczo, jak i poposiłkowej, czego następstwem jest istotna redukcja hemoglobiny glikowanej. Charakteryzuje się wysokim profilem bezpieczeństwa, w tym nieznacznym ryzykiem hipoglikemii i brakiem przyrostu masy ciała. Zalecana jest głównie w monoterapii oraz leczeniu skojar zonym cukrzycy typu 2 (dodana do metfor miny, pochodnej sulfonylomocznika i/lub insuliny). Może być stosowana w umiarkowanej niewydolności nerek.The dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors are a new class of anti-hyperglycaemic agents with unique incretin action. Wildagliptin, representative of this group, effectively improves glycaemic control, reducing both fasting and postprandial glucose levels to lower HbA1c levels. It is characterized by safe adverse event profile with apparently low risk of hypoglycemia and without weight gain. It is recommended generally in type 2 diabetes monotherapy, combination therapy (in addition to metformin, sulphonylurea and/or insulin). It may be used in moderate stage of renal failure

Speaking up about patient safety concerns: view of nursing students.

BACKGROUND "Speaking up" is considered an important patient safety behaviour. The main idea is to voice patient safety concerns; however, several studies revealed that the organisational culture can be obstructive. In previous studies, we already identified barriers for doctors, nurses and medical students. In the current study, we explore how nursing students use "speaking up" during their internship in an academic teaching hospital. METHODS Between 2019 and 2020, 212 nursing students were invited to take part in the survey. The validated Speaking Up about Patient Safety Questionnaire (SUPS-Q) was used to assess speaking up behaviours in nursing students. The SUPS-Q consisted of three behaviour related scales (11 items), three culture related scales (11 items), a question regarding barriers to speak up as well as a clinical vignette assessing a hypothetical speaking up situation. RESULTS In total, 118 nursing students took part in the survey (response rate: 56%). Most of them noticed specific safety concerns, observed errors or rule violations. The vignette was seen as very realistic and harmful to the patient. However, the majority responded that they did not speak up and remained silent. They reported a rather discouraging environment and high levels of resignation towards speaking up. However, more advanced students were less likely to speak up than less advanced students (p = 0.027). Most relevant barriers were fear of negative reaction (64%), reaction not predictable (62%) and ineffectiveness (42%). CONCLUSIONS Survey results of nursing students imply that speaking-up behaviours and remaining silent are common behaviours and coexist in the same individual. The clinical vignette and barriers to speaking up revealed that a hierarchical system does not support speaking-up behaviours. Organizational development is needed to foster professional teamwork, support attentive listening, encourage critical thinking, and problem-solving skills

Species composition of shoreline wolf spider communities vary with salinity, but their diets vary with wrack inflow

Wolf spiders are typically the most common group of arthropod predators on both lake and marine shorelines because of the high prey availability in these habitats. However, shores are also harsh environments due to flooding and, in proximity to marine waters, to toxic salinity levels. Here, we describe the spider community, prey availabilities, and spider diets between shoreline sites with different salinities, albeit with comparatively small differences (5‰ vs. 7‰). Despite the small environmental differences, spider communities between lower and higher saline sites showed an almost complete species turnover. At the same time, differences in prey availability or spider gut contents did not match changes in spider species composition but rather changed with habitat characteristics within a region, where spiders collected at sites with thick wrack beds had a different diet than sites with little wrack. These data suggest that shifts in spider communities are due to habitat characteristics other than prey availabilities, and the most likely candidate restricting species in high salinity would be saline sensitivity. At the same time, species absence from low-saline habitats remains unresolved.Peer reviewe

Przezskórny pomiar prężności tlenu w ocenie stanu mikrokrążenia

Microcirculation plays a significant role in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure, ensures the maintenance of adequate oxygenation of tissues, transport of nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissues and proper thermoregulation. Dysfunction of the skin microvasculature often reflects disturbances occurring within the microcirculation of other tissues and organs, which may occur in the course of various disease processes. Favorable conditions for observation of skin microcirculation were the basis for the development of many non-invasive research methods. Transcutaneous measurement of oxygen pressure allows for the most direct functional assessment of skin microcirculation by measuring the oxygenation of related tissues. In the last period this method is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of numerous and pathological conditions and diseases.Mikrokrążenie odgrywa znaczącą rolę w regulacji przepływu i ciśnienia krwi, gdyż zapewnia utrzymanie odpowiedniego dotlenienia tkanek, transport substancji odżywczych i produktów przemiany materii pomiędzy krwią i tkankami oraz właściwą termoregulację. Dysfunkcja mikrounaczynienia skóry często odzwierciedla zaburzenia zachodzące w obrębie mikro - krążenia innych tkanek i narządów, do których może dochodzić w przebiegu różnorakich procesów chorobowych. Dogodne warunki obserwacji mikrokrążenia skórnego były podstawą opracowania wielu nieinwazyjnych metod badawczych. Przezskórny pomiar prężności tlenu (tcpO 2) pozwala na najbardziej bezpośrednią ocenę czynnościową przepływu w naczyniach mikrokrążenia skórnego, poprzez pomiar utlenowania związanych z nim tkanek. W ostatnim okresie znajduje zastosowanie w diagnostyce i monitorowaniu szeregu stanów patologicznych i procesów chorobowych

Effects of an online information tool on post-traumatic stress disorder in relatives of intensive care unit patients: a multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (ICU-Families-Study).

PURPOSE Intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization is challenging for the family members of the patients. Most family members report some level of anxiety and depression, sometimes even resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An association has been reported between lack of information and PTSD. This study had three aims: to quantify the psychological burden of family members of critically ill patients, to explore whether a website with specific information could reduce PTSD symptoms, and to ascertain whether a website with information about intensive care would be used. METHOD A multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in Austria and Switzerland. RESULTS In total, 89 members of families of critically ill patients (mean age 47.3 ± 12.9 years, female n = 59, 66.3%) were included in the study. 46 relatives were allocated to the intervention website and 43 to the control website. Baseline Impact of Event Scale (IES) score was 27.5 ± 12.7. Overall, 50% showed clinically relevant PTSD symptoms at baseline. Mean IES score for the primary endpoint (~ 30 days after inclusion, T1) was 24 ± 15.8 (intervention 23.9 ± 17.9 vs. control 24.1 ± 13.5, p = 0.892). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS - Deutsch (D)) score at T1 was 12.2 ± 6.1 (min. 3, max. 31) and did not differ between groups. Use of the website differed between the groups (intervention min. 1, max. 14 vs. min. 1, max. 3; total 1386 "clicks" on the website, intervention 1021 vs. control 365). Recruitment was prematurely stopped in February 2020 due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSION Family members of critically ill patients often have significant PTSD symptoms and online information on critical illness did not result in reduced PTSD symptoms