Building Energy Performance and the Influence of the Operational Parameters in an Educational Hospital

إن سرعة الطلب على الطاقة حول العالم في تزايد أدت إلى القلق بشان التجهيز الغير كفء للطاقة. وتعتبر الصعوبات المرتبطة بإقامة هيكل الطاقة كاهتمام إضافي إلى ذلك. إن هذا البحث يستعرض كميات الطاقة المرتبطة بهيكل والمتغيرات المختلفة المؤثرة باستخدام الطاقة في المباني. إضافة إلى حساب متطلبات الطاقة في مستشفى تعليمي (أداء طاقة المباني). أداء الطاقة في المباني يرتبط بمعامل أداء الطاقة في المباني (BEI) والذي يقاس ب (kWh/m2/yr)والذي يعتبر مؤشر لكيفية الاستخدام الأمثل للمباني نسبة إلى استخدام الطاقة فيها قيمة (BEI) للمباني تساعد على تحديد إي المباني أكثر كفاءة باستخدامها للطاقة من غيرها. أظهرت النتائج بان الحمل ومعامل استخدام الوقت يتناسبان طرديا مع BEI. وان قيمة (BEI) هي 235 وهذه القيمة قد تم مقارنتها مع دراسات أخرى.The speed at which the demand for energy is increasing around the world has led to anxiety over supply insufficiency. The difficulties associated with setting up energy infrastructure is an additional concern. This paper reviews the amount of energy required by structures and identifies different variables that influence the use of energy by buildings. The energy requirement of a teaching hospital in Iraq was determined (i.e. its energy performance was determined). The energy performance of a building is related to its Building Energy Index (BEI). BEI is measured in kWh/m2/yr and is an indication of how efficient a building is with respect to its usage of energy, i.e. the value of the BEI of buildings helps to ascertain which building is more efficient than the other in their usage of energy.The results of this review indicate that the load and time usage factors are directly proportional to the BEI. The hospital’s BEI was determined to be 235 and this value was compared with those of other studies

Digital economy Visions and Prospects Arab Countries Case Study

يعد الاقتصاد الرقمي المنصة الانتاجية الجديدة باعتبارها الثورة الصناعية الثالثة هذه الثورة الرقمية هي التي تولد ثروة من فرص النمو الاقتصادي في الاسواق الجديدة  وفرص العمل والفرص التجارية بشكل كبير , لذا فان مواكبة العصرنة الرقمية التي يعيشها العالم اليوم فان تطور الاقتصاد الرقمي مرتبط وبشكل كبير بما توفره الدولة للمؤسسات سواء تلك التابعة للقطاع العام او تلك المؤسسات التابعة للقطاع الخاص وبالكل التي توفر بنيه تحتية مرتبطة بالقوانين واللوائح والاتصالات المنظمة للاقتصاد الرقمي وبالشكل المطلوب , وكما يمكن اعطاء صورة واضحة  عن البحث من خلال الاشارة الى المبحث الاول والذي يتمثل في الاطار النظري والمفاهيمي للاقتصاد الرقمي اما المبحث الثاني فقد تطرق الى القوة المحركة  للاقتصاد الرقمي اما المبحث الثالث فقد انصب على واقع الاقتصاد الرقمي في البلدان العربية  كدراسة حالة بالإضافة الى الاستنتاجات والتوصيات .The digital economy became the model global economy as the last stage for the devolvement of the economy and it considers as a result of using the information technology in different economic fields,  such as what happened in all our life activities. The growth, integration, and sophistication of information technology and communications is changing our society and economy. Consumers now routinely use computer networks to identify sellers, evaluate products and services, compare prices, and extra market leverage. Business use networks even more extensively to conduct and re-engineer production processes , streamline procurement presses , reach new customer and manage internal operation

IMPACT OF HEALTHCARE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ON THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF HOSPITALS: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

Healthcare knowledge management HKM has attracted extensive attention in the previous years as a strategical partner with the general strategy of organizations. The HKM aims to identify the organization strategic position within the competitive market. The present study tries to answer many questions that formed the study problem including do hospitals and health units depend on the healthcare knowledge storage to perform its strategical tasks and how to run this healthcare knowledge; does the healthcare knowledge transformation represent the main base to attain these especial strategic tasks by identifying its strategic position. A virtual form has been proposed that reflects the interaction relation nature between variables. The virtual form is clarified by the study's main assumption which was tested using data obtained from surveys and other different data collecting methods about different Iraqi hospitals and health units. The study highlighted the significant role of the HKM in hospitals and health units. Also, it was found that the Iraqi hospitals and health units have a growing interest to diagnose its weaknesses to build a strong internal environment. The present study recommends holding training courses continuously to improve the staff’s abilities. In addition, the study recommends establishing environmental analysis units to study and evaluate environmental changes

7049 AL-Alloy Fatigue Behavior under Black Paint Laser Peening

Black Paint Laser (bPL) peening technique is currently applied to engineering components due to their improvements of fatigue behavior and economic advantages. In the current work, the experimental examinations of bPL peening, which aims to understanding the fatigue behavior of bPL surface treated bars was carried out. The application of bPL was associated with significant extension of fatigue life and strength. This extension is due to compressive residual stresses (CRS) generating from peening process. A series of fully rotating bending fatigue tests was conducted at room temperature using 7049 Aluminum alloy. Improvements in fatigue life and strength for constant and cumulative fatigue were demonstrated. Finally, the fatigue strength of 7049 Aluminum alloy at 107 cycles increased by 53% and cumulative fatigue life improved by factors of 1.55 and 1.787 for Low-high sequence and high-low sequence due to bPL treatment respectivel

Potable Water Production from Third River in Nasiriyah City

The present work aims to study the efficiency of coagulation/ flocculation as pretreatment then using membrane technology, microfiltration (MF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO), for treatment of water of Third River in Nasiriyah city in Iraq. Effects of operating parameters such as coagulant dosage, speed and time of slow mixing step and settling time in the pretreatment stage were studied. Also feed turbidity and TSS in the MF stage were studied. Also feed concentration, temperature and operating time, in the RO stage were studied. The results showed that the optimum dosage for alum was 40, 45 and 50 ppm. While, for ferric chloride it was 20, 25 and 30 ppm and for polyelectrolyte 6, 8 and 10 ppm for 30, 50 and 100 NTU initial turbidity respectively. The optimum speed of 2nd step was 25 rpm for each of alum (40 ppm), ferric chloride (20 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (6 ppm). While the optimum time of 2nd step was 30 min for each of alum (40 ppm), ferric chloride (20 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (6 ppm) and settling time was 30 min for each of alum (40 ppm), ferric chloride (20 ppm) and polyelectrolyte (6 ppm). It was found that turbidity and TSS increases by increasing the inlet turbidity and TSS and the results showed that 5 μm MF allows water to pass more than 1 μm MF. Also it was found that salts concentration in product increases by increasing feed concentration and temperature. Rejection percentage was (90.5 – 95.716 %) and recovery percentage of product water was (1.571 – 16.857 %) for polyamide membrane (TFC). In the case of concentrate recirculation, feed concentration, permeate concentration and volume of permeate increases with increasing in operating time and 3.186 liter of potable water was recovered from 25 liter feed after 50 minutes

Theoretical Study of the Electronic Properties of The Curcumin Molecule: Using Density Functional Theory

يهدف البحث الى دراسة الخواص الالكترونية لجزيئة الكركمين والتي توجد في صيغتين أيزوميريتين صيغة الكيتون والأينول وتأثير أستخدام دوال أساس مختلفة من خلال الاعتماد على نظرية دالية الكثافة عند المستوي B3LYP. أنتقال ذرة الهيدروجين من مجموعة الميثيلين المركزية(CH2)  لترتبط بذرة الأوكسجين حتى تشكل أصرة هيدروجينية(O H)  يسبب تغيرات هندسية في شكل الأيزوميرين, حيث شكل الأينول هي تركيب خطي   تقريبا ولكن شكل الكيتون ليس خطي تماما. الدالة 6-311G+(d,p) أعطت نتائج مقنعة للحسابات. كذلك حسابات كل من الطاقة الكلية و طاقة أعلى مدار جزيئي ممتلئ وفجوة الطاقة أكدت أن الكيتون هو الأكثر أستقرارا من الأينول. وأيضا الكيتون لديه قابلية عالية لقبول الألكترونات كما ثبت من خلال قيم كل من طاقة أوطأ مدار جزيئي غير ممتلئ وجهد التأين والألفة الألكترونية و الكهروسالبية.This search aims to study electronic properties of the curcumin moleculewhich exist in two isomers, ketone and enol forms, and the effect of usingdifferent basis setsby relying on density functions theory (DFT) at B3LYP level. The hydrogen atom transfer from the central methylene (CH2) group to an oxygen atom to form strong intra-molecular hydrogen (O H) bond causes geometrical changes in two isomers; where the enol form is structure approximately planar but not completely planar for the ketone form.The results showed that the 6-311G+(d,p) basis set gave sat- isfactory results for calculations. As well as the findings of each of the total energy, the energy of the high occupied molecular orbital and energy gap confirm that the isomer ketone is more stable than isomer enol. Also the ketone has a high electron-accepting, as was proven by the values of the energy of lower unoccupied molecular orbital,ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativity

Development of Novel Optical Planar Waveguide-based Biosensors using a Nanotechnology Approach

This work aims at the development of novel biosensor based on optical planar waveguide (OPW) for detection of mycotoxins, which are common contaminants in agriculture products (grains, beans, nuts, fruits) and associated food and feed. These low molecular weight toxins produced by various fungi species possess a substantial danger to human and animals, and thus are under strict legislated limits in sub-ppm (part per million) level. The detection of mycotoxins in such low concentrations is of great interest nowadays. A novel detection principle of polarization interferometry (PI) exploited in this system (which can be considered as a logical continuation of ellipsometry) in based on tracking changes in the polarization state of a laser beam passing through the waveguide and affected by immobilized in the waveguide sensing window. The key element of this sensor is a planar optical waveguide consisting of 190 nm thick silicon nitride core layer sandwiched between two thick layers of silicon dioxide; a sensing window was etched in the top silicon oxide layer to allow monitoring molecular adsorption. A 630 nm polarized light from a laser diode coupled through the slant edge of the waveguide experiences a large number of reflections (about 500 per mm) when propagating through the waveguide. The p- component of polarized light is affected by changes in refractive index in the sensing window, while s- component is less affected and thus serves as a reference. Therefore, the changes in either the medium refractive index or molecular adsorption cause the phase shift between p- and s- components. The observation of the light polarization state is enabled by a polarizer converting the changes in polarization to variations of light intensity which is then recoded with CCD linear array interfaced to PC. The refractive index sensitivity of the OPW PI sensor of about 1600 rad/RIU/mm (the highest value known for optical detection) was found by both the theoretical modelling and experimental testing. The developed experimental set-up was used for detection of mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxin B1 (AFT B1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN), in direct assay with two types of bio-receptors immobilized within the sensing window: (i) antibodies electrostatically bound onto silicon nitride surface via layers of poly-allylamine hydrochloride and protein A, or (ii) aptamers covalently bound via SH groups on aminated surface of silicon nitride. The outcome of such biosensing tests was successful; all three mycotoxins were detected in a wide concentration range from10 pg/ml up to 1 g/ml in direct immunoassays with their respective antibodies. The use of specific aptamers as bioreceptors in the latest upgrade of the OPW PI set-up has resulted in much lower detected concentrations of AFT B1 and OTA down to 1pg/ml, with LDL estimated as 0.6 -0.7 pg/ml. The obtained sensitivity in sub-ppt (part per trillion) level is the highest known for optical biosensors, and it is particularly remarkable for a label-free detection of low molecular weight analyte molecules in direct assay format. The developed OPW PI biosensor is universal and can be easily adapted for detection of different analyte molecules by choosing suitable bio-receptors. It can be used equally for detection of small and large molecules, and in different assay formats, e.g. direct, sandwich, and competitive assays, and therefore can be considered as a platform biosensing technology for a wide range of applications, i.e. environmental monitoring, security, agriculture and food industry, and biomedical

Protonation of biologically relevant sulfur ligands

PhD ThesisA variety of metalloenzymes contain iron-sulfur clusters (e.g. nitrogenases, aconitase and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase) or nickel-thiolate components (e.g. urease, hydrogenase, CO-dehydrogenase (CODH), methyl coenzyme M reductase, Ni-superoxide dismutase, and glyoxalase I) as the catalytic site where substrates are bound and transformed. The ways in which substrates bind and are transformed at these natural iron and nickel sites remain poorly defined. Studying the natural metalloenzymes is inherently difficult because the complexity of the biological systems, but studies of the protonation on synthetic iron-sulfur and nickel-thiolate complexes allow us to establish possible mechanisms of these natural catalysts. This thesis describes the kinetics and mechanisms of the protonation of synthetic Fe-S clusters and simple Ni-thiolate complexes. The first part of the thesis describes the protonation and binding of substrates to synthetic Fe-S-based clusters. The [NBun4]2[Fe4S4X4] (X= SPh or Cl) were synthesised and characterised by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The kinetics of the acid-catalyzed substitution reactions of the teminal chloro-ligands in [Fe4S4Cl4]2- by PhS− to form [Fe4S4(SPh)4]2- in the presence of the acids NHR3+ (R = Me, Prn or Bun) in MeCN have been studied. Although these acids have very similar pKas (17.6–18.4) the reactions show a variety of different kinetics, some of which are inconsistent with a mechanism involving simple protonation of the cluster followed by substitution of a terminal ligand. The observed behaviour is more consistent with the recently proposed mechanism in which a Fe–(μ3-SH) bond elongation/cleavage occurs upon protonation of a μ3-S, and suggests that both the acidity and bulk of the acid is important in the protonation step. Other studies have determined the activation parameters (ΔH‡ and ΔS‡) for both the protonation and substitution steps of the acid-catalyzed substitution reactions of [Fe4S4X4]2− (X = Cl or SEt). A significantly negative ΔS‡ is observed for the substitution steps of both clusters indicating associative pathways. This is inconsistent with earlier interpretation of the kinetics of these reactions (based exclusively on the dependence of the rate on the concentration of nucleophile) and indicates that there is no dissociative substitution mechanism and the pathway VI associated with a zero-order dependence on the concentration of PhS− involves associative substitution with the solvent (MeCN) being the nucleophile. The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed substitution reaction of the terminal chloro-ligands in [NBun4]2 [Fe4S4Cl4] by PhS− in the presence of NHBun3+ involves rate-limiting proton transfer from NHBun3+ to the cluster (k0 = 490 ± 20 dm3 mol−1 s−1). A variety of small molecules and ions (L = substrate = Cl−, Br−, I−, RNHNH2 (R = Me or Ph), Me2NNH2, HCN, NCS−, N3−, ButNC or pyridine) bind to [Fe4S4Cl4]2− and this affects the rate of subsequent protonation of [Fe4S4Cl4(L)]n−. Where the kinetics allow, the equilibrium constants for the substrates binding to [Fe4S4Cl4]2− (KL) and the rates of proton transfer from NHBun3+ to [Fe4S4Cl4(L)]n− (kL0) have been determined. The results indicate the following general features. (i) Bound substrates increase the rate of protonation of the cluster, but the rate increase is modest (kL0/k0 = 1.6 to ≥72). (ii)When KL is small, so is kL0/k0. (iii) Binding substrates which are good σ-donors or good π-acceptors lead to the largest kL0/k0. This behaviour is discussed in terms of the recent proposal that protonation of [Fe4S4Cl4]2− at a μ3-S, is coupled to concomitant Fe–(μ3-SH) bond elongation/cleavage. The clusters [NHR3]2[Fe4S4X4] (X= PhS, R= Et or Bun; X= Cl, R= Bun) were synthesised and characterised by1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The crystallography shows NH…X interactions between the cation and the cubanoid cluster. Comparison of the cluster dimensions in [NHR3]2[Fe4S4X4] with those reported earlier for [NR′4]2[Fe4S4X4] (R′ = Me, X = PhS; R′ = Et, X = Cl) indicates that N–H…X interactions have a negligible effect on the dimensions of the cluster. The relevance of these structures to understanding where on [Fe4S4X4]2- protonation labilises the cluster to substitution is discussed. The second part of the thesis describes the protonation of [Ni(SAr){PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2}]+ complexes. The complexes of [Ni(SC6H4R-2)(triphos)]BPh4 (R= Me, MeO or Cl; triphos = PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2) and [Ni(SC6H3Me2-2,6)(triphos)]BPh4 were synthesised and structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography. The crystallography of [Ni(SC6H4R-2)(triphos)]BPh4 (R= Me or MeO) and [Ni(SC6H3Me2-2,6)(triphos)]BPh4 shows that the geometry at Ni is square planar and Ni is 4-coordinate; but the geometry for [Ni(SC6H4Cl-2)(triphos)]BPh4 is a square-based pyramid with the chloro-group occupying the apical position and Ni is 5-coordinate. The protonation of all synthesised complexes with both lutH+ (lut= 2,6-dimethylpyridine) and picH+ (pic= 4-methylpyridine) in MeCN were studied using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. These studies show that proton transfer reactions are slow and, in many cases, the hydrogen bonded VII precursor intermediate {[Ni(thiolate)(triphos)]…Hlut}2+ can be detected. For [Ni(SC6H4Cl-2)(triphos)]BPh4, the rates of protonation with lutH+ and picH+ are significantly different (kpic/klut = 2 x 103). However, for [Ni(SC6H4R-2)(triphos)]BPh4 (R= H, Me or MeO) and [Ni(SC6H3Me2-2,6)(triphos)]BPh4 complexes, the differences in the rates with lutH+ and picH+ are much less marked (kpic/klut = 2 - 15) because the thiolate ligand can undergo relatively unhindered Ni-S rotation, allowing protonation from either side of the square plane. Protonation by picH+ is substantially faster than with (the more sterically-demanding) lutH+ because proton transfer in this complex must occur through a cavity in the surrounding phenyl substituents of triphos which is too small for lutH+ to penetrate. DFT calculations support this proposal and allow further exploration of the effects that steric interactions between the phenyl groups for triphos and lutH+ have on the rates of proton transfer to [Ni(thiolate)(triphos)]+.Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq (HCED) and Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MOHE

Synthesis mesomorphic and theoretical studies of some new unsymmetrical dimeric ethers of 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil and biphenyl cores

New sets of unsymmetric calamitic molecules with uracil unit at one end and biphenyl core at another end were synthesized. Liquid crystal property of these molecules was investigated by POM and DSC techniques. All compounds exhibit LC property depending on the spacer and terminal alkoxy chain of the molecules. First set shows smectic phase in lower members and nematic phase appeared in higher members. The second set favour nematic liquid crystalline phase with respect to spacer alkyl chain length. Molecules are escaped from the planarity as a result disturbing the layer stacking leads to nematic phase in higher analogues. Theoretical studies have been performed for all the compounds and are found to be in agreement with the results of the current studies

Norms of Obtaining Intellectual Security in the Verses of the Holy Quran

من المفاهيم الحديثة التي حظيت بعناية ودراسة الباحثين هو( مفهوم الأمن الفكري)، ولا شكّ أن المفاهيم إنما تظهر وتتبلور لعظم الحاجة إليها في الوسط الاجتماعي .     ويعرض هذا البحث مفهوم الأمن الفكري من وجهة نظر الدارسين والباحثين، ثم الإشارة إلى الأسس أو الضوابط التي أرساها القرآن الكريم، والتي تُعد تأصيلًا ربانيًا لهذا المفهوم، الذي له من الأهمية الكبيرة في تطور البشرية والمجتمعات على الأصعدة كافة.   One of the modern concepts that has been carefully studied is the concept of intellectual security. There is no doubt that the concepts are emerging and crystallizing due to the great need for them in the social milieu.This research presents the concept of intellectual security from the viewpoint of scholars and researchers, then refers to the foundations or controls established by the Holy Qur’an, which are considered divine rooting for this concept, which has great importance in the development of humanity and societies at all levels