Adult ADHD: Influence of Physical Activation, Stimulation, and Reward on Cognitive Performance and Symptoms

Objective: Models of ADHD consider the influence of situational factors on cognitive performance and symptoms. Method: The influence of acute physical exercise, stimulation through continuous fine motor movement, and performancerelated reward on performance and ADHD symptoms was assessed. Thirty-six adults with ADHD and 36 healthy controls performed executive function tasks (EF-tasks) of inhibition, selective attention, and working memory with material close to daily life. Experimental manipulations aimed at increasing cognitive performance. Results: No significant effects were found, but there were indicators for ADHD-specific impacts: Reward resulted in higher reported hyperactivity. Acute physical exercise slightly tended to improve attention performance and subjective inattention. Conclusion: The manipulations may affect performance and especially symptoms in different ways. Potential symptom interactions and identification of factors that determine whether symptoms may be functional or detrimental for task performance could be future research interests. (J. of Att. Dis. 2021; 25(6) 809-819

Co-Culture of S. epidermidis and Human Osteoblasts on Implant Surfaces: An Advanced In Vitro Model for Implant-Associated Infections.

OBJECTIVES:Total joint arthroplasty is one of the most frequent and effective surgeries today. However, despite improved surgical techniques, a significant number of implant-associated infections still occur. Suitable in vitro models are needed to test potential approaches to prevent infection. In the present study, we aimed to establish an in vitro co-culture setup of human primary osteoblasts and S. epidermidis to model the onset of implant-associated infections, and to analyze antimicrobial implant surfaces and coatings. MATERIALS AND METHODS:For initial surface adhesion, human primary osteoblasts (hOB) were grown for 24 hours on test sample discs made of polystyrene, titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, bone cement PALACOS R®, and PALACOS R® loaded with antibiotics. Co-cultures were performed as a single-species infection on the osteoblasts with S. epidermidis (multiplicity of infection of 0.04), and were incubated for 2 and 7 days under aerobic conditions. Planktonic S. epidermidis was quantified by centrifugation and determination of colony-forming units (CFU). The quantification of biofilm-bound S. epidermidis on the test samples was performed by sonication and CFU counting. Quantification of adherent and vital primary osteoblasts on the test samples was performed by trypan-blue staining and counting. Scanning electron microscopy was used for evaluation of topography and composition of the species on the sample surfaces. RESULTS:After 2 days, we observed approximately 104 CFU/ml biofilm-bound S. epidermidis (103 CFU/ml initial population) on the antibiotics-loaded bone cement samples in the presence of hOB, while no bacteria were detected without hOB. No biofilm-bound bacteria were detectable after 7 days in either case. Similar levels of planktonic bacteria were observed on day 2 with and without hOB. After 7 days, about 105 CFU/ml planktonic bacteria were present, but only in the absence of hOB. Further, no bacteria were observed within the biofilm, while the number of hOB was decreased to 10% of its initial value compared to 150% in the mono-culture of hOB. CONCLUSION:We developed a co-culture setup that serves as a more comprehensive in vitro model for the onset of implant-associated infections and provides a test method for antimicrobial implant materials and coatings. We demonstrate that observations can be made that are unavailable from mono-culture experiments

Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Depression or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

The aim of this cross-sectional study was the evaluation of the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with depression or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison with a group of mentally healthy individuals. Patients from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Germany, were recruited. A healthy comparison group (HC) was recruited from the Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology. The OHRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile G14 (OHIP G14). Furthermore, a questionnaire regarding oral hygiene behaviour was applied. A total of 141 patients with depression or ADHD (depression n = 94, ADHD n = 47) and 145 HC individuals with a balanced age and gender distribution were surveyed. OHIP G14 median scores were significantly higher in the overall psychiatric patient group compared to HC (5.00 vs. 0.00, p p p = 0.302). A significant association among psychiatric patients between smoking, gum bleeding, professional tooth cleaning, oral health education, interdental cleaning, and elevated OHIP scores was found (p < 0.001). In conclusion, patients with depression and adults with ADHD show a reduced OHRQoL. A contradictory association between oral hygiene/oral health behaviour and OHRQoL supports the hypothesis of a changed perception of oral conditions in patients with mental diseases. Interdisciplinary collaboration between psychiatric specialists and dentists should be fostered

Evaluation of metabolic activity of biofilm-bound <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> in mono-culture.

<p><b>A)</b> Metabolic activity of biofilm-bound <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> incubated for 2 and 7 days on Ti6Al4V, PALACOS^® R, and PALACOS^® R+G+V, and measured using the WST-1 assay. Values are given as a percentage of the polystyrene control. PALACOS^® R+G+V displayed approximately 25% and 0% activity after 2 and 7 days respectively. (*) Denotes significance with respect to the polystyrene control at each time point, and (+) significance with respect to the same material on day 2 (n = 4, mean ± SEM). <b>B)</b> Live/dead staining of the biofilm-bound <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> on the test samples after 2 and 7 days of incubation. All images were made at 400x magnification. Scale bars are 20 μm.</p

Quantification of viable planktonic <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> by CFU counting.

<p>Viable planktonic <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> were quantified in the medium after 2 and 7 days of cultivation with and without hOB on the 4 test samples (polystyrene control, TI6Al4V, PALACOS^® R, PALACOS^® R+G+V). Qualitatively, we observed the same results as for biofilm-bound <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i>, except for PALACOS^® R+G+V where viable cells remain after 2 days in both experiments and after 7 days in the co-culture. (*) Denotes significance with respect to the polystyrene control, and (#) significance with respect to the mono-culture (n = 4, mean ± SEM).</p

SEM images of different samples.

<p>Row 1: Test samples in medium. Rows 2 and 3: hOB mono-culture on test samples. Rows 4 and 5: <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> mono-culture on test samples. Rows 6 and 6: Co-culture of hOB and <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> on test samples. Images were taken at magnification 500x, 2000x or 2500x.</p

Cell viability evaluation of human primary osteoblasts in mono-culture.

<p><b>A)</b> Metabolic activity of human primary osteoblasts (hOB) incubated for 2 and 7 days on Ti6Al4V, PALACOS^® R, and PALACOS^® R+G+V, and measured using the WST-1 assay. Values are given as percentage of the polystyrene control. PALACOS^® R+G+V displayed lower cell activity than the other materials on both days. (*) Denotes significance with respect to the polystyrene control at each time point, and (+) significance with respect to the same material on day 2 (n = 4, mean ± SEM). <b>B)</b> Live/dead staining of the hOB cultured in a monolayer on the test samples after 2 and 7 days of incubation. All images were taken at 40x magnification. Scale bars are 200 μm.</p

Quantification of viable biofilm-bound <i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> by CFU counting.

<p><i>S</i>. <i>epidermidis</i> mono-culture and co-culture with hOB in the biofilm on the 4 test samples (polystyrene control, TI6Al4V, PALACOS^® R, PALACOS^® R+G+V) after 2 and 7 days. PALACOS^® R+G+V test samples showed minimal viable bacteria except in the co-culture after 2 days. (*) Denotes significance with respect to the polystyrene control, and (#) significance with respect to the mono-culture (n = 4, mean ± SEM).</p