Bacillus cereus & Bacillus pumilus Harvested From Copper Roof Inhibit Growth of Other Organisms

The aim of this project was to isolate bacteria from unusual places, as these bacteria may have distinct adaptations to allow them to grow in challenging environments. Bacteria samples were obtained from the copper roof of Simons Hall in Collegeville, MN during November, 2018. These samples are of interest because bacterial growth is typically inhibited by copper. Once isolated and grown in culture, some of the collected bacterial samples displayed the ability to out-compete other bacterial samples. A polymerase chain reaction was used to identify bacteria samples 1 and 2 as Bacillus cereus and bacteria 4 as Bacillus pumilus. Growth curve experiments show that these isolates are capable of inhibiting other bacterial species. The results from our growth curve experiments depict similar inhibitory effects on unknown bacteria samples during all stages of the growth curve. Our results support previous studies which suggest Bacillus have the capability of inhibiting or killing other organisms within their environment

King-Devick Test Score is Linked to Cerebral Vasoreactivity During Acute Recovery Phase Post-Concussion

The King-Devick (KD) test is a quick screening tool used to detect oculomotor and attention related brain function impairments following a concussion. Adequate cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an indicator of structural and functional integrity and impairments in CBF have been linked to cognitive deficits following concussion. Cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR), a key measure of hemodynamic reserve, is an important factor in CBFregulation. PURPOSE: To examine the association between CVR and oculomotor and attention function, using KD test scores, in collegiate athletes following a concussion. METHOD: Eighteen male and female athletes diagnosed with a sports-related concussion were enrolled in the prospective cohort study. Twenty-two non-injured athletes were enrolled as controls. Data was collected longitudinally on day-3, day-21, and day-90 following a concussion. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAV) was obtained using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD). CO2 was used as a stimulus to assess CVR. End-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) was monitored with an infrared CO2 analyzer attached to a nasal cannula. Continuous MCAV was obtained for 2-minutes each in response to three CO2 stimuli; normal room-air (normocapnia), inspiring 8% CO2 and 21% O2 gas mixture (hypercapnia), and during hyperventilation (hypocapnia). MCAV and EtCO2 data were plotted and CVR was estimated as the slope of the MCAV and EtCO2 relationship. For the KD test, subjects read aloud single-digit-numbers left to right from three test cards with progressive level of difficulty. Subjects were instructed to read as fast as possible without making errors. KD test score was determined as the sum of the total time required to complete the three test cards. Nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used to assess CVR and KD test scores between control and the concussed group at each of the three time points. Spearman rank order correlation was used to assess the association between CVR and KD scores at each time point. RESULTS: Compared to the control, CVR (1.33±0.31vs.1.14±0.43U; p=0.03) was blunted and KD score (44.4±7.7vs.48.1±6.9sec; p=0.04) was slower on day-3. CVR was comparable to the controls on days 21 and 90. However, a learning effect was observed in KD test score over time (42.1±8.9, p=0.02 [day-21]; 42.03±8.5, p=0.03 [day90]). In addition, a negative correlation between CVR and KD test was observed on day-3 (p= 0.04). CONCLUSION: The preliminary results indicate that deficits in oculomotor function and attention, as identified by KD test, may result from inadequate CBF regulation during the acute recovery phase post-concussion. Further studies should be done to evaluate the potential role of CVR in oculomotor function following concussion in collegiate athletes

Impairments in Cerebral Autoregulation is Associated with Postural Control in Sports Related Concussion

Global and regional deficits in cerebral blood flow are reported with concussions, a major public health concern, with approximately 3.8 million incidences occurring annually in the United States alone. Recent studies have identified an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries in athletes upon return-to-play. Complexity index is a sensitive marker of postural control, with low complexity index indicating a poor physiological adaptation to stress. PURPOSE: Twofold; 1. Examine complexity index and dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) at rest and during physical stress (rhythmic squatting) in collegiate athletes following a concussion in comparison to non-injured controls. 2. Examine the association between complexity index and dCA. METHODS: Athletes (20±1 years) with sports-related concussions were tested on days 3 (N=33), 21 (N=29), and 90 (N=21) following the injury. Controls (N=27) were assessed at one time-point. Continuous mean arterial pressure (MAP) (finger photoplethysmography) and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAV) (2 MHz transcranial Doppler ultrasonography) were obtained at rest for 6 minutes and during physical stress (squatting at 0.1Hz frequency) for 5 minutes. Transfer function analysis of beat-to-beat MAP and MCAV oscillations in the low frequency (LF, 0.07-0.20 Hz) range was utilized to assess dCA. Effective dCA dampens the fluctuations in MCAV in response to MAP oscillations, resulting in a low LF gain. Multiscale entropy analysis was used to determine complexity index from the center of pressure data obtained during quiet standing with eyes closed on a force platform. Two-sample Mann Whitney U test was used to compare data between control and concussed athletes at the three time points. Spearman correlation was used to examine the association between the variables. RESULTS: LF gain at rest was higher on day-3 (1.27±0.4U; p=0.007), and day-21 (1.27±0.5U; p=0.03) compared to the controls (1.03±0.2U). Similar findings were observed in LF gain with physical stress (day-3 p= 0.003; day-21 p=0.001). Postural complexity index was lower on day-3 (4.3±1.3U; p=0.004) and day-21 (4.5±1.1U; p=0.02) compared to the controls (5.4±1.4U). Moreover, a negative association was observed between complexity index and LF gain at rest (β= -0.66, p= 0.04) and during squatting (β= -1.53, p= 0.02). CONCLUSION: The findings confirm impairments in cerebral autoregulation and postural control during the acute and subacute recovery phases following a concussion despite symptom resolution. In addition, poor functional outcome, such as postural control, may be associated with alterations in cerebral blood flow regulation in this population. Tracking cerebral autoregulation during recovery phase may help in preventing musculoskeletal injuries in athletes after return-to-play following a concussion

Cerebral Vasoreactivity Is Impaired Beyond Symptom Resolution Following Concussion in Collegiate Athletes

Compromised cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation is linked to impaired functional outcome following concussion. Cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR), an important mechanism in CBF regulation, is the ability of cerebral blood vessels to alter blood flow during dynamic changes in arterial carbon-dioxide (CO₂). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine CVR in an ongoing prospective cohort of collegiate athletes during acute (day-3) and sub-acute (day-21) phases following concussion and compare them with non-injured athletes. METHODS: Sixteen male and female collegiate athletes (21±1 years) with sports-related concussion and 16 sports matched non-injured controls (21±1 years) were enrolled in the study. For injured athletes, data was collected during the acute and sub-acute phase following concussion and for the controls data was collected at one time point. Symptom severity and cognition were assessed using the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool-3rd Edition. Continuous middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAV) was obtained with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) while subjects were seated in an upright position. End-tidal CO₂ (PetCo₂) was measured with an infrared CO₂ analyzer attached to a nasal cannula. MCAV was evaluated in response to changes in PetCo₂ for 2-minutes each during normal breathing (normocapnia), inspiring a gas mixture containing 8% CO₂, 21% oxygen (hypercapnia) and, hyperventilating (hypocapnia). CVR was analyzed as the slope of the linear relationship between PetCo₂ and MCAV, which was expressed as the percent change in CBF velocity per mmHg change in PetCo₂. Independent and paired t-tests were used to compare symptom severity, and CVR between acute and sub-acute phase following concussion with the controls. RESULTS: As anticipated, concussed athletes exhibited higher symptom severity (26.3±0.5 versus 5±7 P= 0.0007) and lower cognition (26.5±1.6 versus 28.3±2.4 P=0.03) during acute phase compared to the controls. Although symptoms and cognition were resolved during the sub-acute phase, CVR was lower in the acute phase compared to the non-injured controls (1.7±0.5U versus 2.3±0.3U, P=0.0006) and it continued to be blunted in the sub-acute phase following concussion (1.9±0.5U P=0.04). CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in symptom and cognition, cerebral vasoreactivity appears to be impaired in the sub-acute phase following concussion. Cerebral vasoreactivity utilizing TCD may be a useful vascular biomarker for physiological recovery and aid in accurate return-to play decision-making

A comparison of the hypoglycemic effect of insulin with systemic venous and portal venous administration

The hyperglycemic effect of insulin by prolonged intraportal and systemic infusion was measured in unanesthetized dogs with a modified portacaval transposition. There was no significant difference in response with the two routes of administration. The relation of these results to research directed to surgical therapy of diabetes is discussed. © 1963 W. B. Saunders Company

Improvement in Heart Rate Variability during Mild Cognitive Task Following Concussion

Cognitive rest is widely recommended following concussion until symptoms resolve. Unlike return-to-play protocols, there is a lack of clear guideline for return-to-learn in student athletes. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an index of cardiac health and reduced HRV is associated with disturbances in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) following concussion. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine ANS modulation utilizing HRV at rest and during mild cognitive task in concussed and non-injured control athletes. METHODS: Nineteen collegiate athletes (20 ± 1 years) with a physician-diagnosed sports-related concussion were enrolled in the study acutely (4 ± 1 days) following a concussion. Nineteen sports matched non-injured controls also participated. Continuous heart rate recording was obtained with a standard three-lead electrocardiogram at rest and during a mild cognitive task while subjects where seated upright. Resting data was collected for 6 minutes. A computer based cognitive test (2-Back) designed to assess sustained attention and executive function was administered for 3 minutes. Average response time and the percentage of correct responses were obtained from the 2-Back trial. HRV was analyzed with power spectral analysis within the low (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high (HF, 0.15-0.4 Hz) frequency domains. Normalized LF and HF power spectral densities (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio were obtained. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA {group (concussed, control) x condition (rest, 2-Back)} was used to examine the variables. RESULTS: Higher LF (61.1±15 vs. 45±12, P=0.007), lower HF (38.8±15 vs.54.4±12, P=0.008) variability and higher LF/HF ratio (2.2±2 vs. 0.92±0.4, P= 0.005) were observed in the concussed athletes compared to controls at rest indicating exaggeration of the sympathetic nervous system modulation. Conversely, lower LF (44.5±14, P=0.003), higher HF (55.4±14, P= 0.003) and lower LF/HF ratio (0.92±0.5, P=0.003) was observed with 2-Back cognitive tasks as opposed to rest in the concussed group. The control group showed no difference in HRV between rest and 2-back trials. Despite similar response times for the 2-Back cognitive task, the percentage of correct response was lower (79.9±14.2 vs. 89.9±4.6, P=0.008) in the concussed athletes compared to the non-injured athletes. CONCLUSION: Disturbances in ANS exist as early as 4 days following a concussion. Mild cognitive tasks during rehabilitation may be advantageous in improving cognitive function on and off the field and may expedite the return-to-learn phase in student athletes. Further studies in this field are needed to determine if current complete cognitive rest is possibly inhibitory to recovering in concussed athletes, as opposed to mild cognitive task to promote ANS function

The Student Movement Volume 108 Issue 4: Heritage and Harvest: No Leaf Unturned in Our History

HUMANS Autumn Has Awakened, Interviewed by Savannah Tyler Do You Even Ball? Who is Pastor Shane Anderson, really, Nehemiah Sitler Genesis Fellowship: Nurturing Faith and Diversity on Campus, Nick Bishop ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT A Musical Gift at the Alumni Weekend, Amelia Stefanescu Artist Highlight: Hispanic Heritage Month Edition, Madison Vath AU Architecture Program Part II, Katrina Johnson She and Her Cat : A Sea of Words, Amelia Stefanescu NEWS Cardinals Basketball Crash Lands on Alumni Weekend, Andrew Francis Sparks Fly for Student Missionaries in Bolivia, Nehemiah Sitler IDEAS Are Adventists Forfeiting Their Future?, Erin Beers Honduras: Discovery of America Day, Ruben Colón Midterm Tips, Sumin Lee PULSE AU Confessions: Can Free Speech Go Too Far?. Rodney Bell II Media\u27s Impact on Violence Perception in the Digital Age, Katherine Pierre Study, Study, Study, Repeat?, Anna Rybachek LAST WORD A Conversation With Lindsay, Chris Ngugihttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-108/1003/thumbnail.jp

Tribute to Professor Doug Rendleman

A tribute to Professor Doug Rendleman, who served on the faculty of the Washington and Lee University School of Law from 1988 to 2020. Rendleman became Professor of Law, Emeritus in 2020

The Student Movement Volume 108 Issue 7: Not Throwing Away Our Shot: Honoring Hamilton\u27s Legacy

HUMANS An Arboretum of Beauty, Anneliese Tessalee Serving with All She\u27s Got: Natalia\u27s Mission Experience in the Dominican Republic, Nick Bishop WAUS Fall Fundraiser, Grace No ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT Art: A Window Into Another Reality, Madison Vath Filipino Art Through Filipino Eyes: Celebrating A Culture, Amelia Stefanescu Free-Falling Into Autumn : A Fall Playlist, Amelia Stefanescu Upcoming Events in the Art Department, Katrina Johnson What to do about Inhospitality?: A Review of Mitski\u27s Newest Album, Reagan McCain NEWS Andrews Autumn Conference Promotes Peaceful Scientific Discourse, Andrew Francis Honors Goes to Hamilton, Melissa Moore Unraveling the Historical Threads: The SDA Church\u27s Journey with the Trinity, Brendan Oh IDEAS Cats or Dogs?, Abby Shim Exploring Student Perspectives on Jewelry, Reagan Westerman Israeli- Gaza, the Split of Public Opinion, United Nations Resolutions and What We Can Do, Robert Zhang PULSE Everything Happens For A Reason , Nicole Compton-Gray Moral Conflict: What is the Right Thing to Do?, Katie Davis Productivity & Success, Anna Rybachek Social Media and the College Student: A Useful Tool or a Destructive Spiral?, Rodney Bell II LAST WORD To Be Loved and to Love, Wambui Karanjahttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-108/1006/thumbnail.jp

The Student Movement Volume 108 Issue 1: \u2723 and me: Welcome to the AU Family!

HUMANS Babbling at the Crayon Box, Anneliese Tessalee Dorm Sweet Dorm, Savannah Tyler Surviving Freshman Year 101, Colin Cha ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT AU\u27s Reception of Barbie , Amelia Stefanescu Hey, How Was Your Summer? , Nailea Soto Sewing as an Art Form: My Experience as a First-Time Formal Dressmaker, Daena Holbrook Shadow & Bone: Reentering the Grishaverse, Madison Vath NEWS Another Generation, Another Convocation, Melissa Moore Canada\u27s Fiery Struggle: The Ongoing Battle Against Wildfires, Brendan Oh Labor Day, the Writers\u27 Strikes, and Fairness, Nathaniel Miller IDEAS Antibiotic Resistance, Sumin Lee Chapel Credits: Fair or Unfair?, Corinna Bevier From Flowers to Fires: Does Climate Change Rhetoric Need to Change?, Bella Hamann Suicide Prevention Month and the Power of Support, Reagan Westerman PULSE All That and Then Summer, Lexie Dunham Food Near AU, Alyssa Caruthers Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, is There a Fairest of Them All?, Anna Rybachek Social Media Fasts, Rodney Bell II LAST WORD You Are a God Who Sees Me, Chris Ngugihttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-108/1000/thumbnail.jp