Benchmarking analog quantum computers -- I: Metrological aspects

Accurate and precise control of large quantum systems is paramount to achieve practical advantages on quantum devices. Therefore, benchmarking the hardware errors in quantum computers has drawn significant attention lately. Existing benchmarks for digital quantum computers involve averaging the global fidelity over a large set of quantum circuits and are therefore unsuitable for specific many-qubit control operations used in analog quantum operations. Moreover, average global fidelity is not the optimal figure-of-merit for some of the applications specific to analog devices, such as the study of many-body physics, which often use local observables. In this two-part paper,we develop a new figure-of-merit suitable for analog/many-qubit quantum operations based on the reduced Choi matrix of the operation. In the first part, we develop an efficient, scalable protocol to completely characterize the reduced Choi matrix. We identify two sources of sampling errors in measurements of the reduced Choi matrix and we show that there are fundamental limits to the rate of convergence of the sampling errors, analogous to the standard quantum limit and Heisenberg limit. A slow convergence rate of sampling errors would mean that we need a large number of experimental shots. We develop protocols using quantum information scrambling, which has been observed in disordered systems for e.g., to speed up the rate of convergence of the sampling error at state preparation Moreover, we develop protocols using squeezed and entangled initial states to enhance the convergence rate of the sampling error at measurement, which results in a metrologically enhanced reduced process tomography protocol.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figure

Automatic Detectors for Underwater Soundscape Measurements

Environmental impact regulations require that marine industrial operators quantify their contribution to underwater noise scenes. Automation of such assessments becomes feasible with the successful categorisation of sounds into broader classes based on source types – biological, anthropogenic and physical. Previous approaches to passive acoustic monitoring have mostly been limited to a few specific sources of interest. In this study, source-independent signal detectors are developed and a framework is presented for the automatic categorisation of underwater sounds into the aforementioned classes

Benchmarking multi-qubit gates -- II: Computational aspects

An important step in developing multi-qubit gates is to construct efficient benchmarking protocols for them. In our previous paper (arXiv: 2210.04330), we developed metrological protocols to measure the reduced Choi matrix i.e., the completely positive (CP) maps induced on a subset S of the qubits, by the multi-qubit gate. Here, we show a set of classically verifiable properties that the Choi matrix satisfies if it is a reduction of a multi-qubit unitary and use them to develop benchmarks. We identify three types of errors that affect the implementation of a multi-qubit unitary, based on their mathematical properties and physical origin. Although a target multi-qubit gate is a unitary operator, errors turn it into a general completely positive (CP) map. Errors due to coupling to a thermal bath result in the multi-qubit gate being CP-divisible (Markovian), deviating from a unitary. The reduced Choi matrix of a multi-qubit gate has a property known as double stochasticity, which is violated in the presence of Markovian errors. We construct a benchmark using double-stochasticity violation and show that it is sensitive to coupling to any thermal bath at a finite temperature. Further, errors due to shot-to-shot fluctuations result in a non-markovian, i.e., CP-indivisible quantum process. We prove a new property, which we call the \rank property of the reduced Choi matrix, the violation of which implies a CP-indivisible error. A third category of errors comes from systematics in the implementation of a multi-qubit gate, resulting in no deviation from unitarity. We refer to this as unitary errors. This corresponds to the most challenging type of error to benchmark. We develop a partial-benchmarking protocol for such errors using symmetries of the multi-qubit gate being applied.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

Defuzzification Method for NP-Hard Problem in Cloud

The cloud computing is that the one that deals with the commerce of the resources with efficiency in accordance to the user’s would like. Employment programming is that the selection of a perfect resource for any job to be dead with reference to waiting time, value or turnaround. A cloud job programming are associate NP-hard downside that contains n jobs and m machines every} job is processed with each of those m machines to reduce the makespan. the safety here is one among the highest most considerations within the cloud. so as to calculate the worth of fitness the fuzzy abstract thought system makes use of the membership operate for crucial the degree up to that the input parameters that belong to each fuzzy set has relevancy. Here the fuzzy is employed for the aim of programming energy similarly as security within the cloud computing

The Visible Emission Spectrum of BiF

The visible band system of BiF has been reinvestigated both under low and high dispersion.The vibrational analysis of the system has been considerably extended to include about 65 bands in the region (λ5000-5700A). From a rotational analysis of four bands (2,0), (1,4), (2,5), and (3,3) the constants of the upper v'=2 and 3 and lower v'=4 and 5 levels have been newly determined

Automatic detection of echolocation clicks based on a Gabor model of their waveform

Prior research has shown that echolocation clicks of several species of terrestrial and marine fauna can be modelled as Gabor-like functions. Here, a system is proposed for the automatic detection of a variety of such signals. By means of mathematical formulation, it is shown that the output of the Teager–Kaiser Energy Operator (TKEO) applied to Gabor-like signals can be approximated by a Gaussian function. Based on the inferences, a detection algorithm involving the post-processing of the TKEO outputs is presented. The ratio of the outputs of two moving-average filters, a Gaussian and a rectangular filter, is shown to be an effective detection parameter. Detector performance is assessed using synthetic and real (taken from MobySound database) recordings. The detection method is shown to work readily with a variety of echolocation clicks and in various recording scenarios. The system exhibits low computational complexity and operates several times faster than real-time. Performance comparisons are made to other publicly available detectors including PAMGUARD

A prospective analysis of the cost-effectiveness of alfuzosin, tamsulosin and silodosin for 12 weeks in benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is usually seen in men above 45 years. α-blockers (alfuzosin, tamsulosin and silodosin) form the mainstay of pharmacological management of symptomatic BPH and may differ in their efficacy, tolerability and treatment costs. The present study compares them prospectively to evaluate the most cost-effective α-blocker in the management of BPH.Methods: Ninety subjects diagnosed with symptomatic BPH were randomised to receive alfuzosin, tamsulosin or silodosin and were followed up at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after treatment initiation. Effectiveness was assessed by rate of treatment success and number of symptom free days (SFDs). Treatment related direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs were analysed both from patient and third-party perspective. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).Results: With rate of treatment success as the outcome measure, alfuzosin had the least ACER, followed by tamsulosin and silodosin. With number of SFDs as the outcome measure, alfuzosin had the least ACER followed by silodosin and tamsulosin. An additional INR 3982 and INR 30 were required per extra success and extra SFD respectively with alfuzosin when compared to tamsulosin. Alfuzosin dominated silodosin as a more cost-effective option in achieving treatment success. However, an additional INR 231 was required to achieve an extra SFD with silodosin.Conclusions: Compared with tamsulosin and silodosin, alfuzosin seems to be the most economical α-blocker in the management of BPH, both from patient and third-party perspective.Short duration of study of 12 weeks was a limitation in the present prospective study

Quantitative aspects of endocytic activity in lipid-mediated transfections

AbstractVariation in transfection efficiency observed in different cell-types is poorly understood. To investigate the influence of endocytic activity on lipid-mediated transfections, we have monitored both the processes in 12 different cell-types. The endocytic activity shows a strong positive correlation (P<0.01), with transfection efficiency. Treatment with wortmannin resulted in cell-type-dependent inhibition of transfection. Studies on M-phase cells by confocal microscopy show that compared to interphase cells, uptake of cationic liposomes was substantially reduced. In addition, transfection efficiency of cells in mitotic phase was inhibited by >70% compared to controls. Our study based on several cell-types demonstrates for the first time that quantitative aspects of endocytosis have decisive influence on the overall process of lipid-mediated transgene expression

Molecular characterization and assessment of genetic diversity of sorghum inbred lines

Selecting parents of diverse genetic base with contrasting phenotype is an important step in developing mapping populations for quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection and marker-assisted selection. We studied genetic diversity in 31 sorghum parents using 413 sorghum simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The polymorphism information content (PIC), a measure of gene diversity, varied from 0 to 0.92 with an average of 0.53 and was significantly correlated with number of alleles. The primers IS10215, IS10270 and IS10333 could differentiate all the 31 lines conclusively. Clustering analysis based on the genetic dissimilarity grouped the 31 parents into eight clusters and grouping was in good agreement with pedigree, race and geographic origin. Diverse pairs of sorghum parents were identified with contrast phenotype for various biotic and abiotic stresses with higher genetic diversity for developing recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations to identify QTLs/genes for important traits in sorghum. One of the mapping populations resulted in the identification of QTLs for resistance to sorghum shoot fly and these QTL results were validated in a second mapping population.Key words: Simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, genetic diversity, sorghum, mapping parents