Effects of Secondary Task Modality and Processing Code on Automation Trust and Utilization During Simulated Airline Luggage Screening

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of environmental distractions on human trust and utilization of automation during the process of visual search. Participants performed a computer-simulated airline luggage screening task with the assistance of a 70% reliable automated decision aid (called DETECTOR) both with and without environmental distractions. The distraction was implemented as a secondary task in either a competing modality (visual) or non-competing modality (auditory). The secondary task processing code either competed with the luggage screening task (spatial code) or with the automation's textual directives (verbal code). We measured participants' system trust, perceived reliability of the system (when a target weapon was present and absent), compliance, reliance, and confidence when agreeing and disagreeing with the system under both distracted and undistracted conditions. Results revealed that system trust was lower in the visual-spatial and auditory-verbal conditions than in the visual-verbal and auditory-spatial conditions. Perceived reliability of the system (when the target was present) was significantly higher when the secondary task was visual rather than auditory. Compliance with the aid increased in all conditions except for the auditory-verbal condition, where it decreased. Similar to the pattern for trust, reliance on the automation was lower in the visual-spatial and auditory-verbal conditions than in the visual-verbal and auditory-spatial conditions. Confidence when agreeing with the system decreased with the addition of any kind of distraction; however, confidence when disagreeing increased with the addition of an auditory secondary task but decreased with the addition of a visual task. A model was developed to represent the research findings and demonstrate the relationship between secondary task modality, processing code, and automation use. Results suggest that the nature of environmental distractions influence interaction with automation via significant effects on trust and system utilization. These findings have implications for both automation design and operator training

Current Concepts and Trends in Human-Automation Interaction

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.The purpose of this panel was to provide a general overview and discussion of some of the most current and controversial concepts and trends in human-automation interaction. The panel was composed of eight researchers and practitioners. The panelists are well-known experts in the area and offered differing views on a variety of different human-automation topics. The range of concepts and trends discussed in this panel include: general taxonomies regarding stages and levels of automation and function allocation, individualized adaptive automation, automation-induced complacency, economic rationality and the use of automation, the potential utility of false alarms, the influence of different types of false alarms on trust and reliance, and a system-wide theory of trust in multiple automated aids

Micropropagation and conservation of selected endangered anticancer medicinal plants from the Western Ghats of India

Globally, cancer is a constant battle which severely affects the human population. The major limitations of the anticancer drugs are the deleterious side effects on the quality of life. Plants play a vital role in curing many diseases with minimal or no side effects. Phytocompounds derived from various medicinal plants serve as the best source of drugs to treat cancer. The global demand for phytomedicines is mostly reached by the medicinal herbs from the tropical nations of the world even though many plant species are threatened with extinction. India is one of the mega diverse countries of the world due to its ecological habitats, latitudinal variation, and diverse climatic range. Western Ghats of India is one of the most important depositories of endemic herbs. It is found along the stretch of south western part of India and constitutes rain forest with more than 4000 diverse medicinal plant species. In recent times, many of these therapeutically valued herbs have become endangered and are being included under the red-listed plant category in this region. Due to a sharp rise in the demand for plant-based products, this rich collection is diminishing at an alarming rate that eventually triggered dangerous to biodiversity. Thus, conservation of the endangered medicinal plants has become a matter of importance. The conservation by using only in situ approaches may not be sufficient enough to safeguard such a huge bio-resource of endangered medicinal plants. Hence, the use of biotechnological methods would be vital to complement the ex vitro protection programs and help to reestablish endangered plant species. In this backdrop, the key tools of biotechnology that could assist plant conservation were developed in terms of in vitro regeneration, seed banking, DNA storage, pollen storage, germplasm storage, gene bank (field gene banking), tissue bank, and cryopreservation. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to critically review major endangered medicinal plants that possess anticancer compounds and their conservation aspects by integrating various biotechnological tool

Effects of Information Source, Pedigree and Reliability on Operators' Utilization of Decision Support Systems

135 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2005.In Study 2 we examined participants' utilization of and post hoc trust in the above sources of advice and pedigree levels after their objective experience of advisers' diagnostic accuracy (high vs. low) in an airline luggage-screening task. Biases toward automation (observed in Study 1) led to greater dependence on 'novice' automated aids than on 'novice' human advisers. However, biases in favor of automation broke down when automated aids believed to be 'experts' generated errors, leading to a significant drop in compliance/reliance on 'expert' automation relative to 'expert' humans. Contrary to the results of Study 1, perceived reliability of advice was significantly influenced by the interaction of source and pedigree, while subjective trust was always higher in automaton than in humans. The results have important implications for the development of theoretical models of operator interaction with decision aids, while providing a reference point for deriving optimal indices of user dependence on decision support systems.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

Effects of Information Source, Pedigree and Reliability on Operators' Utilization of Decision Support Systems

135 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2005.In Study 2 we examined participants' utilization of and post hoc trust in the above sources of advice and pedigree levels after their objective experience of advisers' diagnostic accuracy (high vs. low) in an airline luggage-screening task. Biases toward automation (observed in Study 1) led to greater dependence on 'novice' automated aids than on 'novice' human advisers. However, biases in favor of automation broke down when automated aids believed to be 'experts' generated errors, leading to a significant drop in compliance/reliance on 'expert' automation relative to 'expert' humans. Contrary to the results of Study 1, perceived reliability of advice was significantly influenced by the interaction of source and pedigree, while subjective trust was always higher in automaton than in humans. The results have important implications for the development of theoretical models of operator interaction with decision aids, while providing a reference point for deriving optimal indices of user dependence on decision support systems.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 49th ANNUAL MEETING—2005 487 EFFECTS OF INFORMATION SOURCE, PEDIGREE, AND RELIABILITY ON OPERATORS ’ UTILIZATON OF DIAGNOSTIC ADVICE

Studies have demonstrated that humans appear to apply norms of humanhuman interaction to their interaction with machines. Yet, there exist subtle differences in peoples ’ perceptions of automated aids compared to humans. We examined factors differentiating human-human and human-automation interaction, wherein participants (n = 180) performed a luggage-screening task with the assistance of human or automated advisers that differed in pedigree (expert vs. novice) and reliability (high vs. low). Dependence on advice was assessed. Participants agreed more with an automated ‘novice’ than a human ‘novice ’ suggesting a bias toward automation. Automation biases broke down when automated aids portrayed as ‘experts ’ generated errors, leading to a drop in compliance and reliance on automation relative to humans. The results have implications for the development of theoretical and computational models of optimal user dependence on decision aids

The relationship between stimulus-response mappings and the detection of novel stimuli in a simulated luggage screening task

Automaticity research suggests that consistent mapping leads to better skill acquisition than varied mapping. Other research demonstrates that in some situations varied mapping leads to better transfer. The effect of stimulus-response mappings in complex visual inspection tasks, wherein transfer stimuli might differ from training stimuli, has seldom been studied. Therefore, the effects of consistency vs variability of practice on learning and transfer in a simulated luggage screening task were compared. Consistent mapping led to faster and more accurate initial skill acquisition. However, during transfer, varied mapping led to higher levels of sensitivities and confidence and fewer deviations from optimal response criteria. Consistent mapping assists initial skill acquisition; however, in tasks where the physical identity of transfer stimuli might differ from those used in training, varied mapping leads to more efficient transfer. The results provide an important starting point for training individuals to achieve optimal transfer of learning in complex tasks. This research demonstrates that a combination of variables influence transfer of learning in real-world visual inspection tasks wherein transfer conditions may not be identical to training conditions. Acquisition of skills during training is facilitated by consistent stimulus-response mappings; however, in order to ensure optimal transfer of skills to situations involving novel stimuli, training should incorporate varied mapping of stimulus-response elements.</p

Effects of Sensitivity, Criterion Shifts, and Subjective Confidence on the Development of Automaticity in Airline Luggage Screening

We examined the effect of cognitive factors on the development of automaticity in a complex task. Participants (n = 24) performed a luggage screening task where we manipulated stimulus mapping (consistent vs. varied), frame size (small vs. large), memory set size (1 vs. 4) and time constraint, and examined their effects on participants’ sensitivities, criterion shifts and confidence. Results revealed that the highest cognitive advantage in terms of high sensitivities and minimal deviations from optimal beta was afforded by the combination of small memory sets and consistent mapping of targets, after extended practice. Varied mapping of stimuli under high memory loads exerted a negative effect on sensitivities and induced a greater shift from optimal beta. The concurrence of high memory loads with varied mapping also led to decreases in confidence that hindered automatic detection of targets. The results have implications for training individuals to develop appropriate decision-making strategies in complex vigilance tasks

Diversity During Training Enhances Detection of Novel Stimuli

This research demonstrates thatwhen individuals are expected to detect novel targets, they will be best prepared when trained with diverse categories. Participants were trained in a simulated luggage screening task, in one of three conditions of diversity: high (participants searched for dangerous objects belonging to five different categories); low (participants searched for targets belonging to one of the five categories); and no training (control condition). After training, all participants were asked to look for the same novel dangerous objects in the bags. Results show that, during training, the low diversity condition resulted in highest hit rates and fastest response times. In contrast, after training, results were reversed: participants that trained in a high diversity condition were most effective at detecting novel targets. Those with no training at all were equally poor at detecting novel targets as those that trained in a low diversity condition</p

The Impact of Target Base Rate on Training and Transfer of Learning in Airline Luggage Screening: An Examination of Three Base Rate Scenarios

<p>We examined the extent to which transfer of training is impacted by target probability and physical similarity of training and transfer stimuli. Participants performed a luggage screening task where they trained on three base rates of weapon presence as follows: 100%, 50% and 20%; at transfer, participants detected the same weapons (Study 1) or novel weapons (Studies 2 and 3) at a base rate of 20%. In Study 3, we modified training such that all participants observed the same absolute number of weapons (n = 100) across base rate conditions. In Study 1, different base rates did not significantly impact transfer. In Study 2, 100% base rates helped hit rates at transfer but increased false alarms via liberal shifts in decision criteria and slowed detection times. Study 3 revealed no effect of base rates on transfer hit rates; however, training on 100% base rates still led to liberal responding and inflated false alarms. </p