An Empirical Analysis of Prominent Theories on the Gender Promotion Gap: Evidence from Panel Data on Law Graduates

Women have unique, valuable information and insights that lead to their having different priorities and making different decisions than their male counterparts. Despite the fact that women have overtaken men in college attendance, there is a gender disparity in high powered positions that can be seen in many professions. Male and female lawyers, though exhibiting similar levels of competency, are promoted at different rates, exemplifying a trend throughout the world that is also closely related to the gender wage gap. The gender promotion gap is a topic that has been widely theorized upon, though never fully and satisfactorily explained. This paper assesses a wide array of proposed theories on the gender disparity in promotion using a single empirical dataset. I find that there is a 13 percentage point difference in promotion between men and women. Women may be subject to implicit, self-confirming bias that ends in an equilibrium where women, despite being of equal skill level, are promoted less frequently than their male counterparts due to task assignment early in their career. Male composition of firm does not affect task assignment, which contradicts theories on women’s decision making. Controlling for task assignment does not reduce this gap as would be expected from prior literature. Ultimately, I find that the gap is reduced to 6 percentage points when controlling for billable hours, which are negatively affected by having children and spending time doing household chores. However, the persisting 6 percentage point gap remains unexplained

Technology-Enhanced Reading Therapy for People With Aphasia: Findings From a Quasirandomized Waitlist Controlled Study.

Purpose This study investigated the effects of technology-enhanced reading therapy for people with reading impairments, using mainstream assistive reading technologies alongside reading strategies. Method The study used a quasirandomized waitlist controlled design. Twenty-one people with reading impairments following stroke were randomly assigned to receive 14 hr of therapy immediately or after a 6-week delay. During therapy, participants were trained to use assistive reading technology that offered a range of features to support reading comprehension. They developed skills in using the technology independently and in applying the technology to their personal reading goals. The primary outcome measure assessed reading comprehension, using Gray Oral Reading Test-Fourth Edition (GORT-4). Secondary measures were as follows: Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia-Second Edition, Reading Confidence and Emotions Questionnaire, Communication Activities of Daily Living-Second Edition, Visual Analog Mood Scales, and Assessment of Living With Aphasia. Matched texts were used with the GORT-4 to compare technology-assisted and unassisted reading comprehension. Mixed analyses of variance explored change between T1 and T2, when the immediate group had received therapy but the delayed group had not, thus serving as untreated controls. Pretherapy, posttherapy, and follow-up scores on the measures were also examined for all participants. Results GORT-4 results indicated that the immediately treated group improved significantly in technology-assisted reading following therapy, but not in unassisted reading. However, the data were not normally distributed, and secondary nonparametric analysis was not significant. The control group was unstable over the baseline, improving significantly in unassisted reading. The whole-group analysis showed significant gains in assisted (but not unassisted) reading after therapy that were maintained at follow-up. The Reading Confidence and Emotions Questionnaire results improved significantly following therapy, with good maintenance of change. Results on all other secondary measures were not significant. Conclusions Technology-assisted reading comprehension improved following the intervention, with treatment compensating for, rather than remediating, the reading impairment. Participants' confidence and emotions associated with reading also improved. Gains were achieved after 14 therapy sessions, using assistive technologies that are widely available and relatively affordable, meaning that this approach could be implemented in clinical practice

The cost‐effectiveness of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women at high risk of HIV infection in Brazil

Abstract Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in Brazil experience high rates of HIV infection. We examined the clinical and economic outcomes of implementing a pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) programme in these populations. Methods: We used the Cost‐Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC)‐International model of HIV prevention and treatment to evaluate two strategies: the current standard of care (SOC) in Brazil, including universal ART access (No PrEP strategy); and the current SOC plus daily tenofovir/emtracitabine PrEP (PrEP strategy) until age 50. Mean age (31 years, SD 8.4 years), age‐stratified annual HIV incidence (age ≤ 40 years: 4.3/100 PY; age > 40 years: 1.0/100 PY), PrEP effectiveness (43% HIV incidence reduction) and PrEP drug costs ($23/month) were from Brazil‐based sources. The analysis focused on direct medical costs of HIV care. We measured the comparative value of PrEP in 2015 United States dollars (USD) per year of life saved (YLS). Willingness‐to‐pay threshold was based on Brazil's annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP; 2015:$8540 USD). Results: Lifetime HIV infection risk among high‐risk MSM and TGW was 50.5% with No PrEP and decreased to 40.1% with PrEP. PrEP increased per‐person undiscounted (discounted) life expectancy from 36.8 (20.7) years to 41.0 (22.4) years and lifetime discounted HIV‐related medical costs from $4100 to$8420, which led to an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $2530/YLS. PrEP remained cost‐effective (<1x GDP) under plausible variation in key parameters, including PrEP effectiveness and cost, initial cohort age and HIV testing frequency on/off PrEP. Conclusion: Daily tenofovir/emtracitabine PrEP among MSM and TGW at high risk of HIV infection in Brazil would increase life expectancy and be highly cost‐effective

Supplemental Material - A Qualitative Study of Home Health Aides’ Perspectives towards COVID-19 Vaccination

Supplemental Material for A Qualitative Study of Home Health Aides’ Perspectives towards COVID-19 Vaccination by David Russell, Nicole Onorato, Alexis Stern, Sasha Vergez, Mia Oberlink, Matthew Luebke, Penny H. Feldman, Margaret V. McDonald, and Madeline R. Sterling in Journal of Applied Gerontology</p

Supplemental Material - A Qualitative Study of Home Health Aides’ Perspectives towards COVID-19 Vaccination

Supplemental Material for A Qualitative Study of Home Health Aides’ Perspectives towards COVID-19 Vaccination by David Russell, Nicole Onorato, Alexis Stern, Sasha Vergez, Mia Oberlink, Matthew Luebke, Penny H. Feldman, Margaret V. McDonald, and Madeline R. Sterling in Journal of Applied Gerontology</p

Household Food Insecurity Is Associated with Symptoms of Emotional Dysregulation in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The MADDY Study

The association of household food insecurity with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotional dysregulation in children was examined in this study. We utilized baseline data from 134 children aged 6–12 years who were enrolled in a clinical trial investigating multinutrient supplementation as a treatment for ADHD and emotional dysregulation. Household food security status was assessed using the 18-item US Household Food Security Survey Module. The symptoms of ADHD and emotional dysregulation disorders (oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)) were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5 and other comorbid emotional dysregulation symptoms were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Multiple linear regression determined associations between household food security status and symptoms of ADHD, ODD and DMDD, emotional symptoms and conduct problems. Household food insecurity was associated with more severe emotional symptoms (β = 2.30; 95% CI = 0.87–3.73; p = 0.002), conduct problems (β = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.01–2.30; p = 0.049) and total difficulties scores (β = 4.59; 95% CI = 1.82–7.37; p = 0.001) after adjusting for covariates (child’s sex, parent marital status, household income, parental anxiety and other parental psychopathology). In unadjusted analyses, household food insecurity was also associated with increased ODD (β = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.21–0.95; p = 0.003) and DMDD symptoms (β = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.20–1.19; p = 0.006), but these associations attenuated to non-significance after adjusting for all covariates. Household food insecurity was associated with more severe emotional dysregulation symptoms. Discussing and addressing food insecurity may be appropriate initial steps for youths with ADHD and emotional dysregulation

Hommage à Pablo Casals. Volume 2 / Brahms, comp. ; Pablo Casals, Madeline Foley, vlc ; Isaac Stern, Alexander Schneider, vl ; Milton Katims, Milton Thomas, alto

Titre uniforme : Brahms, Johannes (1833-1897). Compositeur. [Sextuors. Cordes. No 1. Op. 18. Si bémol majeur]Comprend : Sextuor à cordes no 1 en si bémol majeur op. 18 / Brahms, comp.BnF-Partenariats, Collection sonore - BelieveContient une table des matière