Digital age and corporate taxation. European Union on the way to create a unilateral digital taxation regime

The digitalization of the economy has rapidly changed the outlook of the business models today. It is no longer necessary for an entity to be located within a country to generate enormous amounts of revenues deriving from it. At the same time, the corporate taxation principles have not changed in order to adopt to this situation- when establishing the place of taxation they do not take into the consideration where the consumers are located. Thereby, an unfair treatment towards Member States has been created as today large revenues for big tech companies can be created within their territory without having a burden to pay a tax. Answering to the global discussion the European Commission has created two proposals for the Directives with an intention to tax digital companies. Understanding elements that would change after the Directives are implemented is at utmost importance, as they would re-create the way how the corporate taxation system functions within the time of the digitalization of the economy. This thesis analyzes the differences between the Directives paying special attention towards the determination of the taxable persons, taxable revenues and the territorial scope. Additionally, the possible problems deriving from both proposals for the Directives will be analyzed

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN LATVIA – A CASE STUDY

Urban agriculture is developing rapidly in the world, paying significant, often primary attention not only to the economic but also to the social and environmental functions of the practice. Urban agriculture in Latvia is relatively underdeveloped, most of the practice is realized in small amounts in households for self-consumption. Similarly, evaluating produced volumes and results in the context of commercial practice and community and public projects, it is in a developmental stage. Urban agriculture in Latvia has also been little researched so far, and the practice does not have a specific legal status that would enable precise determination of the scope of the practice, financial and trend analysis. However, the practice is developing, especially in the form of community gardens. The aim of this study is to determine and describe economic and social aspects of urban agriculture in Latvia. In order to achieve the aim, a systematic theoretical review was used to determine the definition and boundaries of the practice of urban agriculture, analysis and synthesis methods were used to identify and characterize trends, and a case study was used to summarize the economic and social aspects of the practice specific to Latvia. Results of the research confirm that social aspects dominate in urban agriculture in Latvia - in aims, motivation, functions and advantages of the practice. But in terms of risks, the most important are economic aspects, which are also the main hindering factors in the development of urban agriculture in Latvia

Software source code escrow agreement and legal obstacles of its execution

Software source code escrow agreement is a relatively new occurrence, emerged together with the rise of software industry in 1970’s in the U.S. Taking into account the fact that business relationships between the software licensor and the licensee are mostly permanent, i.e. significant part is not only the license agreement, but also maintenance and support service duties assumed by the licensor, it is important that business continuity of the licensee is ensured. Software source code escrow agreement aims to provide this assurance by promise, that if the licensor ceases to exist (becomes insolvent), then the source code – building instruction of the software, will be turned over to the licensee and provide licensee with the option to maintain the software himself. Thesis is dedicated to enquiry what obstacles impede execution of such contract and the answer lies in the consideration why the software escrow agreement is concluded in the first place – bankruptcy. That is to say, mandatory bankruptcy laws preclude any actions following the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings if they concern property of bankruptcy estate

VOCABULARY EXPANSION AND WORD COMPREHENSION FORMATION TO THE FIRST GRADE CHILDREN WITH INSUFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM FOR ACQUIRING THE MATHEMATICS

The title of the master’s work is „Vocabulary expansion and word comprehension formation to the first grade children with insufficient development of the language system for acquiring the mathematics”. The aim of the master’s work is to analyze theory and to gather methods of vocabulary expansion and word comprehension formation to children with insufficient development of the language system and to test usefulness of methodological material made by master’s work author. The master’s work contains the theory of development and characteristics of the first grade children with insufficient development of the language system, there are methods of vocabulary expansion described and there are words that are indispensable for acquiring the mathematics detected in master’s work. The master’s work also contains methodological material for vocabulary expansion and word comprehension formation to the first grade children with insufficient development of the language system for acquiring the mathematics made by master’s work author. There was proved usefulness of methodological material made by author by making pedagogical work. Material can be used by speech therapists at speech therapy classes and teacher of mathematics at lessons of math, in the second chapter of master’s work. The master’s work consists of 157 pages, 25 pictures, 7 tables, 73 information sources, 1 appendix

Software source code escrow agreement and legal obstacles of its execution

Software source code escrow agreement is a relatively new occurrence, emerged together with the rise of software industry in 1970’s in the U.S. Taking into account the fact that business relationships between the software licensor and the licensee are mostly permanent, i.e. significant part is not only the license agreement, but also maintenance and support service duties assumed by the licensor, it is important that business continuity of the licensee is ensured. Software source code escrow agreement aims to provide this assurance by promise, that if the licensor ceases to exist (becomes insolvent), then the source code – building instruction of the software, will be turned over to the licensee and provide licensee with the option to maintain the software himself. Thesis is dedicated to enquiry what obstacles impede execution of such contract and the answer lies in the consideration why the software escrow agreement is concluded in the first place – bankruptcy. That is to say, mandatory bankruptcy laws preclude any actions following the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings if they concern property of bankruptcy estate

ANALYSIS OF OUTSOURCED ACCOUNTING SECTOR ACTIVITY IN LATVIA

Problem under investigation: changes in the legislation of the outsourced accounting industry and introduction of new requirements. Legislative changes affect performers of economic activity who provide outsourced accounting services, their number is decreasing, but due to the increase in taxes, entrepreneurs are forced to increase their prices, which is the result of an increase in the total turnover of companies. The aim of the study: to explore the outsourced accounting industry in Latvia. The tasks of the study: explore the concept of accounting and the legal acts governing it, to analyse statistical data on the results of enterprises in the outsourced accounting sector

A Generic Competitive Business Strategies Typology for Micro-Enterprises

The important role of the micro enterprises (ME) sector in generating growth, creating jobs and reducing poverty, especially in developing countries is widely acknowledged.  Literature on competitive business strategy typology development and validation, however, reveals a significant focus on small, medium and large enterprises, with virtual absence of any discourse on MEs.  Although several competitive business strategies (CBS) typologies can be found in the literature, they have mainly been developed from and validated on medium to large enterprise data.  These typologies, therefore, may not be fully applicable to MEs.  The new typology of generic competitive business strategies for MEs described in this paper is built on two dimensions of  Collaboration and Competency, yielding four generic types, representing four broad types of strategic groups better suited than current models, in providing avenues for MEs seeking competitive advantage. The new typology provides a concise model relevant to MEs, providing a structured set of consistent and well understood guidelines for choice of adaptation by owner/managers who are typically involved, whether formally or informally, in an incremental process of strategic formulation and implementation. Keywords: Generic Strategy Typology, Informal Sector, Micro Enterprises, Competitive Advantage