Affine Toda Solitons and Automorphisms of Dynkin Diagrams

Using Hirota's method, solitons are constructed for affine Toda field theories based on the simply-laced affine algebras. By considering automorphisms of the simply-laced Dynkin diagrams, solutions to the remaining algebras, twisted as well as untwisted, are deduced.Comment: 21 page

Legitimacy in a Federal System

Although federalism of various types has existed throughout history, ancient and medieval federations were, on the whole, short-lived.1 Most federations were non-existent by the time of the enlightenment and the rise of nation-states. So-called modern federalism stems from the American republic founded in 1787, which in many ways is the archetypal one, representing the creation of a federal government by compact among several previous constituent units – e pluribus unum. The federalist structure is becoming increasingly popular as 90 percent of states today contain a plurality of national, ethnic or linguistic groups.2 Nevertheless, a normative theory of federalism has not been fully developed.3 Indeed, Wayne Norman notes that in the history of modern political philosophy, questions of federalism have generally attracted no more than a footnote or a chapter, although cursory discussion can be found in the writings of such luminaries as J.S. Mill, Bodin, Grotius, Montesquieu, Bentham, Constant and Sidgwick.4 Such a theory will aid in setting standards with which we can we assess, evaluate, justify, defend or attack the structure and operation of the federal system. Although I do not attempt in this paper to elucidate a complete theory of federalism through a normative lens, I will attempt to demonstrate one of the primary means by which citizens in a federal state (in particular, Canada) evaluate the legitimacy of government action. (author's abstract

Stressors on the detectives of the Prince William County Police Department

Law enforcement is a highly stressful occupation, with law enforcement officials facing critical incidents such as violent crime scenes and potential loss of life. These incidents, however, are not a daily occurrence. The most common daily stressors associated with law enforcement originate from the law enforcement organization itself, the daily interactions with coworkers, the usage or misusage of the assigned equipment, and the individual\u27s perception of the work environment. This study collected survey data to analyze the prevalence and effects of the daily stressors perceived by the detectives of the Prince William County Police Department. This study identified three areas that required improvement in the work environment and provides the following recommendations; department should develop an ergonomics program, as well as, a procedure for the purchase of equipment, and a formal recognition program

Patient and community nurse perspectives on recruitment to a randomized controlled trial of urinary catheter washout solutions

Aims To provide evidence around the acceptability of a proposed randomised controlled trial (RCT) of catheter washout solutions. Design: A sample of senior community nursing staff (n=7) were interviewed and four focus groups with a sample of community nurses were conducted. Eleven semi-structured face-to-face interviews were undertaken with patients using a long-term catheter. Methods: An in-depth qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was employed. This approach was suitable to explore the lived experiences of subjects and gain their viewpoints and experiences. Results: Nurse participants raised concerns regarding the removal of treatment or increased risk of infection in relation to which arm of the trial patients were randomised to. There was concern that patients could get used to the increased contact with nursing staff. Six patients who agreed to participate cited personal benefit, benefiting others, and a sense of indifference. Four patients were unsure about taking part and one declined

Partisan Infighting Among House Republicans: Leaders, Factions, and Networks of Interests

Congressional parties are commonly regarded as highly unified legislative teams, but the Tea Party Caucus has revealed factional divisions with the Republican Party. Using annual ratings from 290 interest groups, we estimate the ideological locations of Republican legislators to map their party’s factional structure. We project a bipartite network of annual scores to relate interest groups by the similarity of their ratings and legislators by the similarity in which they have been rated. Cluster analysis identifies factions of moderate and extreme Republicans. Further investigation shows that Republican leaders withhold legislative rewards from both subgroups, but that moderates are denied disproportionately

Fox in the Henhouse: The Delegation of Regulatory and Privacy Enforcement to Big Tech

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has ordered tech giants to police the app developers that use their platforms, requiring them to remove apps that employ deceitful sales tactics or violate consumer privacy. Tech giants have often resisted FTC orders to police the companies on their platforms because policing takes significant resources and diminishes profits. But some firms, after paying modest fines for neglecting enforcement, have eventually complied with FTC demands, removing predatory apps and banning problematic developers. Other firms have continued to shirk enforcement obligations at the risk of escalating fines. What accounts for the differences? Using process tracing to track decisions by Apple and Facebook, we find that tech giants willingly police consumer fraud but not consumer privacy violations. Failures to police fraud leads to public complaints and negative press attention, while failures to police data breaches often go undetected by consumers, the media, and thus the FTC

An enquiry into the production of peripheral neuritis by pressure due to action or posture

I. The normal function of peripheral nerves is frequently interrupted by pressure, produced by some action or posture of the patient. II. The condition usually passes off rapidly, and it is only the more persistent types, which come to the notice of the practitioner. III. The longer and more exposed peripheral nerves are those most commonly affected. It is also to be noted that the nerves, compression of which causes little pain, are those most frequently affected by pressure neuritis, due no doubt to pain reaching consciousness, as a warning signal, sooner than paraesthesia. IV. The patient seldom connects his action or posture and his neuritic manifestations as cause and effect. V. Establishment of the diagnosis as well as the treatment depends upon the discovery of the action or posture responsible. To achieve this great care must be exercised in taking the history, with possibly occasional resort to leading questions. VI. The condition appears more frequently in thin than in fat subjects, and in men more often than in women. Cold and damp appear to play a part in increasing the incidence of the condition. VII. The pathological changes,occurring in the nerve,depend upon the severity and duration of the compression. They range from temporary ischaemia and a localized area of degeneration, with or without solution of continuity of the axon,to intraneural fibrosis and complete nerve destruction. VIII. A favourable diagnosis can usually be given, spontaneous recovery occurring in every case once the cause has been recognised and its recurrence obviated. IX. Treatment, apart from the safeguarding of the nerve against further injury, is directed chiefly towards maintaining the tone and nutrition of the structures, which have been temporarily deprived of their nerve supply