Tropical Fruit Pulps: Processing, Product Standardization and Main Control Parameters for Quality Assurance

ABSTRACT Fruit pulp is the most basic food product obtained from fresh fruit processing. Fruit pulps can be cold stored for long periods of time, but they also can be used to fabricate juices, ice creams, sweets, jellies and yogurts. The exploitation of tropical fruits has leveraged the entire Brazilian fruit pulp sector due mainly to the high acceptance of their organoleptic properties and remarkable nutritional facts. However, several works published in the last decades have pointed out unfavorable conditions regarding the consumption of tropical fruit pulps. This negative scenario has been associated with unsatisfactory physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of fruits pulps as outcomes of little knowledge and improper management within the fruit pulp industry. There are protocols for delineating specific identity and quality standards (IQSs) and standardized good manufacturing practices (GMP) for fruit pulps, which also embrace standard operating procedures (SOPs) and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP), although this latter is not considered mandatory by the Brazilian legislation. Unfortunately, the lack of skilled labor, along with failures in complying established protocols have impaired quality of fruit pulps. It has been necessary to collect all information available with the aim to identify the most important hazards within fruit pulp processing lines. Standardizing methods and practices within the Brazilian fruit pulp industry would assurance high quality status to tropical fruit pulps and the commercial growth of this vegetal product towards international markets

Genitores potenciais para hibridações identificados por divergência genética em feijão carioca Bean parents for hybridization identified by genetic divergence in "carioca" bean

Noventa genótipos de feijão carioca (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) foram avaliados, em dois anos agrícolas, em Santa Maria, RS, a fim de definir quais características agromorfológicas constituem-se como melhores descritores, realizar agrupamento em função de dissimilaridade genética e de definir quais combinações híbridas mais promissoras serão obtidas para o desenvolvimento de populações segregantes. Dos 20 caracteres agromorfológicos avaliados, apenas nove (ferrugem nos legumes, acamamento, nota geral, cor do tegumento, rendimento de grãos, massa de 100 sementes, altura de inserção do primeiro legume, altura de inserção do último legume e número de sementes por legume) apresentaram maior contribuição para a divergência genética. Os genótipos de feijão carioca foram agrupados pelo método hierárquico de ligação completa. Populações segregantes, com variabilidade genética superior, podem ser obtidas com hibridações entre o genótipo ESAL 550 com genótipos do grupo 2 (LH-6, 17-4-32, R-78, H-4-5 e R-102) e/ou com genótipos do grupo 3 (FT 97-188, Cati-Taquari, CII-328, Carioca Precoce, FT 97-41, LH-11, FT 91-4067, Iapar 31, CI 102, Carioca MG, CII-54 e R-102).<br>Carioca bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated in two growing seasons in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The objectives of this work were to evaluate which morpho-agronomic characteristics were the best descriptors, to group the genotypes in relation to genetic diversity and to determine which hybrid combinations are promissing to obtain higher segregation populations in carioca bean. From the 20 morpho-agronomic characteristics evaluated, only seven (pod rust, lodging, general note, colour of seed tegument, grain yield, 100 seed weight, height of first and final pod insertion and number of seeds per pod) showed higher contribution to genetic diversity. The evaluated carioca bean genotypes were clustered by the complete linkage method. The following hybrid combinations were promissing for obtaining segregant population with higher genetic variability: the genotype ESAL 550 with the genotype of the group 2 (LH-6, 17-4-32, R-78, H-4-5 e R-102) and genotype of the group 3 (FT 97-188, Cati-Taquari, CII-328, Carioca Precoce, FT 97-41, LH-11, FT 91-4067, Iapar 31, CI 102, Carioca MG, CII-54 and R-102)

Molecular and serological detection of Ehrlichia canis and Babesia vogeli in dogs in Colombia

Ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are tick-borne diseases, caused mainly by Ehrlichia canis and Babesia canis, respectively, with a worldwide occurrence in dogs, whose main vector is the brown-dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The present work aimed to detect the presence of E. canis and Babesia sp. in 91 dog blood samples in Colombia, by molecular and serological techniques. We also performed sequence alignment to indicate the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. The present work shows the first molecular detection of E. canis and B. vogeli in dogs from Colombia. Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibodies to E. canis and Babesia vogeli were found in 75 (82.4%) and 47 (51.6%) sampled dogs, respectively. Thirty-seven (40.6%) and 5 (5.5%) dogs were positive in PCR for E. canis and Babesia sp., respectively. After sequencing, amplicons showed 99% of identity with isolates of E. canis and B. vogeli. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA-Anaplasmataceae sequences and 18S rRNA-piroplasmid sequences supported the identity of the found E. canis and B. vogeli DNAs, respectively. The present work shows the first molecular detection of E. canis and B. vogeli in dogs in Colombia. © 2011 Elsevier [email protected]

Molecular and serological detection of Ehrlichia canis and Babesia vogeli in dogs in Colombia

Ehrlichiosis and babesiosis are tick-borne diseases, caused mainly by Ehrlichia canis and Babesia canis, respectively, with a worldwide occurrence in dogs, whose main vector is the brown-dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The present work aimed to detect the presence of E. canis and Babesia sp. in 91 dog blood samples in Colombia, by molecular and serological techniques. We also performed sequence alignment to indicate the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. The present work shows the first molecular detection of E. canis and B. vogeli in dogs from Colombia. Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibodies to E. canis and Babesia vogeli were found in 75 (82.4%) and 47 (51.6%) sampled dogs, respectively. Thirty-seven (40.6%) and 5 (5.5%) dogs were positive in PCR for E. canis and Babesia sp., respectively. After sequencing, amplicons showed 99% of identity with isolates of E. canis and B. vogeli. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA-Anaplasmataceae sequences and 18S rRNA-piroplasmid sequences supported the identity of the found E. canis and B. vogeli DNAs, respectively. The present work shows the first molecular detection of E. canis and B. vogeli in dogs in Colombia. © 2011 Elsevier [email protected]

BORDADURA EM ENSAIOS DE COMPETIÇÃO DE GENÓTIPOS DE FEIJOEIRO RELACIONADOS À PRECISÃO EXPERIMENTAL USE OF BORDER IN YIELD TRIALS WITH COMMON BEAN RELATED TO EXPERIMENTAL PRECISION

Vinte genótipos de feijoeiro comum foram avaliados a campo, nos anos agrícolas 1998/99 e 1999/00, em Santa Maria, RS, com o objetivo de verificar se o uso de linhas de bordaduras melhoraram a precisão do ensaio regional de feijoeiro. O delineamento usado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, e as parcelas foram compostas de quatro linhas, com quatro metros de comprimento, espaçadas de 0,5m, com densidade de 15 sementes por metro linear. A área útil da parcela constou das duas linhas centrais, nas quais foi desprezado 0,5m nas extremidades. Conclui-se que a utilização de linhas de bordaduras, somadas à área útil, não melhora a precisão do ensaio regional de feijoeiro, haja vista que os quadrados médios do erro para rendimento de grãos são homogêneos; a média geral do rendimento de grãos, o coeficiente de variação e a diferença mínima significativa são semelhantes e a correlação linear é significativa, nos dois anos agrícolas, quando se considera rendimento de grãos na área útil e na área total.<br>Twenty genotypes of common beans were evaluated in trial fields, in 1998/99 and 1999/2000 seasons, in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, in order to verify the necessity of the utilization of border rows to improve the precision of regional bean trial. A completely randomized design with split plot with three replications was used. Plots contained four rows with 4m and the row spacing was 0.5m, with density of 15 seeds per meter. Useful plot size was two central rows discarting 0.5m in border. It was concluded that border utilization, with the useful plot size, does not improve the precision of the regional bean trial, because the error means squars of yield are homogeneous, common mean of the yield, coefficient of variation and the least signifficant differences are similar and the linear correlation coefficient is significant, in the two crop seasons, when yield in the useful area and the total area were consideraded

Cruzamento dialélico parcial entre variedades locais do Paraná e variedades sintéticas de milho Partial dialell cross between landraces from Paraná and synthetic varieties of maize

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as capacidades geral e específica de combinação entre variedades locais e sintéticas de milho e identificar cruzamentos que reúnam características de interesse agronômico, com vistas à síntese de variedades. O dialelo parcial foi realizado com 11 variedades sintéticas cruzadas com cinco variedades locais do Paraná. As combinações híbridas resultantes foram avaliadas juntamente com as cinco variedades locais genitoras e com cinco híbridos comerciais, em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em São João do Triunfo e Londrina, PR. Houve interação genótipo x local para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados, com predominância da interação da capacidade geral de combinação x local. As melhores estimativas de capacidade geral de combinação do grupo dos sintéticos foram observadas para ST09 e ST04 e, no grupo das variedades, para MC45 e IAPAR 50, considerando-se o conjunto das características e de locais. As melhores combinações híbridas (MC34 x ST04, IAPAR 50 x ST07, MC47 x ST09, MC45 x ST02, MC51 x ST04 e MC45 x ST01) apresentaram estimativas positivas de capacidade específica de combinação quanto à produtividade, em ambos os locais. Existem combinações híbridas com potencial para síntese de novas variedades com padrões de produtividade, altura de planta, posição relativa da espiga e percentagem de espigas danificadas e de plantas acamadas e quebradas melhores que os observados em variedades locais per se e mais semelhantes aos dos híbridos comerciais.<br>The objectives of this work were to determine the general and specific combining ability between landraces and synthetic varieties of maize and to identify the crosses that combine important agronomic traits, to develop new maize varieties. A partial diallel was done with 11 synthetic varieties crossed with five landraces. The crosses were evaluated along with the five parental landraces and five commercial hybrids, in randomized complete block design, with four replicates, in São João do Triunfo and Londrina, PR, Brazil. There was genotype x location interaction for most characters, predominantly from the general combining ability x location interaction. The best estimates of general combining ability of the synthetic group were observed for ST09 and ST04 and, in the variety group, for MC45 and IAPAR 50, taking into consideration the set of traits and locals. The bests crosses (MC34 x ST04, IAPAR 50 x ST07, MC47 x ST09, MC45 x ST02, MC51 x ST04, and MC45 x ST01) had positive estimates of specific combining ability for grain yield in both locals. There are crosses with potential to develop new maize varieties with better grain yield, plant height, ear position, percentage of damaged ears and of lodging and broken stalks than individual maize landraces, and more similar to the performance of commercial corn hybrids