The Computer Misuse Act 1990: lessons from its past and predictions for its future

The age of the internet has thrown down some real challenges to the Computer Misuse Act 1990. Recently, the Government made changes to this piece of legislation, in an attempt to meet two of those challenges--the proliferation of “ Denial of Service” (DoS) attacks, and the creation and dissemination of “ Hackers' tools” --and to fulfil international commitments on cybercrime. Yet some of these new measures invite criticisms of policy, form and content, and bring doubts about how easy to interpret, and how enforceable, they will be

Why Equality? How Equality?

Much of the discussion of economic development in low and middle income countries and of poverty reduction has either ignored the issue of income distribution or has tended to view income distribution only in terms of its impact on economic growth. In this paper I argue that such an approach is misguided.development, distribution, poverty

The Meaning of Poverty: Questions of Distribution and Power

Focusing on the low-income parts of the world and reviewing the different ways we can define poverty, I first argue that what people generally mean by poverty – or, more broadly, by economic well-being – cannot be adequately captured by a single, absolute measure such as income level or a more complex aggregate such as the Human Development Index. Not only do these measures fail to account for the complexity of human material needs, but they also fail to recognize the importance of distributional issues. The failure to incorporate a consideration of distribution in defining poverty is conceptually problematic, if not simply wrong. This failure also creates serious practical problems for campaigns against poverty, at best limiting their impact and at worst dooming them to failure. The United Nations Millennium Goals program is a case in point. If poverty is viewed simply in absolute terms rather than including a consideration of distributional issues, the social structures that generate poverty tend to be ignored. Policy is then viewed as a technical issue and often focuses on particular programs that are directed to helping the poor improve their absolute situation: new seed varieties to raise income, mosquito nets treated with insecticide to improve health, more schools to raise the level of education. These sorts of policies, when they are actually implemented successfully, can have positive impacts. Yet they leave unexamined and unaddressed the social structures and power relations that have generated and continue to generate poverty.poverty, income distribution, power, Millennium Development Goals, Human Devleopment Index

Liberalization, migration and development : the Mexico-U.S. relationship

Las migraciones desde México a EE.UU. han aumentado por la liberalización de la economía mexicana. Los defensores de la liberalización habían mantenido que ésta reduciría las migraciones; de hecho, usaban tal argumento junto con el sentir anti-inmigrantes como base para hacer atractivo al público estadounidense el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. La demagogia anti-inmigración no sólo era ofensiva sino errónea en cuanto a su contenido. Diversos efectos de la liberalización han actuado como factores causales de los movimientos de personas hacia el Norte y del mantenimiento de altas tasas de migración. Esta realidad debería forzar una re-evaluación de las políticas en EE.UU. Una política que aceptara la realidad de las continuas migraciones y que integrara a los inmigrantes a la fuerza de trabajo con derechos plenos podría tener amplios beneficios. ___________________________________Migration from Mexico to the United States has been increased by liberalization of the Mexican economy. Proponents of liberalization had maintained that it would reduce migration; indeed, they used this argument along with anti-immigrant sentiment as one basis on which to sell the North American Free Trade Agreement to the U.S. public. The anti-immigration demagogy was not only offensive in sentiment but also wrong in substance. Various impacts of liberalization have been causal factors moving people northward and maintaining the high rate of migration. This reality should force a reassessment of policy in the United States. A policy that accepted the reality of continuing migration and integrated the immigrants into the labor force with full rights could have widespread benefits

Interfacing peripheral nerve with macro-sieve electrodes following spinal cord injury

Macro-sieve electrodes were implanted in the sciatic nerve of five adult male Lewis rats following spinal cord injury to assess the ability of the macro-sieve electrode to interface regenerated peripheral nerve fibers post-spinal cord injury. Each spinal cord injury was performed via right lateral hemisection of the cord at the T9–10 site. Five months post-implantation, the ability of the macro-sieve electrode to interface the regenerated nerve was assessed by stimulating through the macro-sieve electrode and recording both electromyography signals and evoked muscle force from distal musculature. Electromyography measurements were recorded from the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, while evoked muscle force measurements were recorded from the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and gastrocnemius muscles. The macro-sieve electrode and regenerated sciatic nerve were then explanted for histological evaluation. Successful sciatic nerve regeneration across the macro-sieve electrode interface following spinal cord injury was seen in all five animals. Recorded electromyography signals and muscle force recordings obtained through macro-sieve electrode stimulation confirm the ability of the macro-sieve electrode to successfully recruit distal musculature in this injury model. Taken together, these results demonstrate the macro-sieve electrode as a viable interface for peripheral nerve stimulation in the context of spinal cord injury

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family in GtoPdb v.2023.1

Dysregulated TNFR signalling is associated with many inflammatory disorders, including some forms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting TNF has been an effective therapeutic strategy in these diseases and for cancer immunotherapy [5, 6, 49]

Unstable Empire: US business in the international economy

SUMMARY This article argues that the international operations of US business constitute an unstable empire. In developing this argument, the article examines three aspects of US?based international business activity: the focus of US business operations abroad on the penetration and control of markets; the extremely large and rapid growth of US?based international banking; and the increasing strains on the organisational structures of multinational firms. The article establishes the hypothesis that the current instability of the US business empire has arisen as a consequence of the great success achieved earlier by US corporations abroad; current weakness and earlier strength are two parts of the same process. RESUMEN Imperio inestable: el comercio de Estados Unidos en la economía internacional Este artículo argumenta que la operación internacional del comercio estadounidense constituye un imperio inestable. Al desarrollar este argumento, el artículo examina 3 aspectos de la actividad comercial internacional de Estados Unidos: el foco de sus operaciones externas en la penetración y control de los mercados, el extremadamente rápido y amplio crecimiento de la banca internacional de base estadounidense y las crecientes presiones sobre las estructuras organizativas de las empresas multinacionales. El artículo plantea la hipótesis de que la inestabilidad actual del imperio comercial de Estados Unidos, ha surgido como consecuencia del gran éxito logrado previamente por sus corporaciones en el exterior, siendo la debilidad actual y la fortaleza anterior, dos partes del mismo proceso. RESUME Un empire instable: les affaires des Etats Unis dans l'economie internationale Cet article soutient que les opérations internationales des affaires des Etats Unis constituent un empire instable. En développant cet argument, l'article examine trois aspects d'activité économique internationale basée aux Etats Unis: l'objectif des opérations économiques des Etats Unis à l'étranger sur la pénétration et le contrôle des marchés; la croissance extrêmement large et rapide des opérations bancaires internationales basées aux Etats Unis; et la tension croissante sur les structures organisationnelles des compagnies multinationales. L'article établit l'hypothèse que l'instabilité actuelle de l'empire des affaires des Etats Unis a augmenté à cause du grand succès atteint auparavant par les compagnies américaines à l'étranger; les points faibles actuels et la grandeur passée sont deux étapes du même développement

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

Dysregulated TNFR signalling is associated with many inflammatory disorders, including some forms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting TNF has been an effective therapeutic strategy in these diseases and for cancer immunotherapy [4, 5, 38]

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family in GtoPdb v.2021.3

Dysregulated TNFR signalling is associated with many inflammatory disorders, including some forms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting TNF has been an effective therapeutic strategy in these diseases and for cancer immunotherapy [5, 6, 49]