Novel predictors of women\u27s surname retention at marriage

Women’s marital surname change was investigated as a potential marital commitment signal, and strategy for enhancing investment from in-laws and husband. Hyphenating or keeping premarital surname for all U.S. destination brides marrying in Hawai\u27i in 2010 was significantly correlated with a women’s income measure (r = .78, p \u3c .000) and with the analogous statistic for men (r = .64, p \u3c .000), by bride’s state of residence. The women’s measure, only, remained significant under regression of both predictors. The interaction of state Gini and the women’s income measure in a regression including the interaction components as predictors was positively predictive (adjusted-R2 = .57). None of several other predictors suggested by previous research or related to Gini or income were significant under regression, alongside the women’s income measure. The older the bride, from any jurisdiction, marrying in Hawai\u27i in 2010, the more likely to hyphenate/keep premarital surname (χ2 (1) for linear trend = 1754.65, p \u3c .000). Among all opposite-sex couples (N = 167 couples) divorcing in a Canadian county in an 8-month period, 2013-2014, marriages the women in which underwent marital surname change lasted 60% longer, controlling for wife’s age at the time of marriage. When the woman’s marital surname change/retention was used as a regression predictor of number of children of the marriage alongside marriage duration in years, only the latter was predictive. Brides-to-be from across especially western and central Canada (N = 184) were surveyed as to marital surname hyphenation/retention versus change (DV 1), and attitude towards such retention in general (DV 2). Among women engaged to men, the hypothesized predictors of income and number of future children desired were positively predictive of marital surname retention/hyphenation under univariate analysis. Under multiple regression analysis using these and other predictors from the literature also found to be predictive of this DV under univariate analysis, only some of these other predictors were predictive. An EFA factor score calculated from several attitude items concerning in-laws, conceptualizable as In-law avoidance motivation, was not predictive of general attitude toward or actual retention/hyphenation, contrary to prediction

Call for emergency action to restore dietary diversity and protect global food systems in times of COVID-19 and beyond: Results from a cross-sectional study in 38 countries

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the fragility of the global food system, sending shockwaves across countries\u27 societies and economy. This has presented formidable challenges to sustaining a healthy and resilient lifestyle. The objective of this study is to examine the food consumption patterns and assess diet diversity indicators, primarily focusing on the food consumption score (FCS), among households in 38 countries both before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 37 207 participants (mean age: 36.70 ± 14.79, with 77 % women) was conducted in 38 countries through an online survey administered between April and June 2020. The study utilized a pre-tested food frequency questionnaire to explore food consumption patterns both before and during the COVID-19 periods. Additionally, the study computed Food Consumption Score (FCS) as a proxy indicator for assessing the dietary diversity of households. Findings: This quantification of global, regional and national dietary diversity across 38 countries showed an increment in the consumption of all food groups but a drop in the intake of vegetables and in the dietary diversity. The household\u27s food consumption scores indicating dietary diversity varied across regions. It decreased in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, including Lebanon (p \u3c 0.001) and increased in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries including Bahrain (p = 0.003), Egypt (p \u3c 0.001) and United Arab Emirates (p = 0.013). A decline in the household\u27s dietary diversity was observed in Australia (p \u3c 0.001), in South Africa including Uganda (p \u3c 0.001), in Europe including Belgium (p \u3c 0.001), Denmark (p = 0.002), Finland (p \u3c 0.001) and Netherland (p = 0.027) and in South America including Ecuador (p \u3c 0.001), Brazil (p \u3c 0.001), Mexico (p \u3c 0.0001) and Peru (p \u3c 0.001). Middle and older ages [OR = 1.2; 95 % CI = [1.125–1.426] [OR = 2.5; 95 % CI = [1.951–3.064], being a woman [OR = 1.2; 95 % CI = [1.117–1.367], having a high education (p \u3c 0.001), and showing amelioration in food-related behaviors [OR = 1.4; 95 % CI = [1.292–1.709] were all linked to having a higher dietary diversity. Conclusion: The minor to moderate changes in food consumption patterns observed across the 38 countries within relatively short time frames could become lasting, leading to a significant and prolonged reduction in dietary diversity, as demonstrated by our findings

Crowdsourcing hypothesis tests: Making transparent how design choices shape research results

To what extent are research results influenced by subjective decisions that scientists make as they design studies? Fifteen research teams independently designed studies to answer fiveoriginal research questions related to moral judgments, negotiations, and implicit cognition. Participants from two separate large samples (total N > 15,000) were then randomly assigned to complete one version of each study. Effect sizes varied dramatically across different sets of materials designed to test the same hypothesis: materials from different teams renderedstatistically significant effects in opposite directions for four out of five hypotheses, with the narrowest range in estimates being d = -0.37 to +0.26. Meta-analysis and a Bayesian perspective on the results revealed overall support for two hypotheses, and a lack of support for three hypotheses. Overall, practically none of the variability in effect sizes was attributable to the skill of the research team in designing materials, while considerable variability was attributable to the hypothesis being tested. In a forecasting survey, predictions of other scientists were significantly correlated with study results, both across and within hypotheses. Crowdsourced testing of research hypotheses helps reveal the true consistency of empirical support for a scientific claim.</div

No Gender Differences in Enrollment for Replicated, Minimally-Different ‘Pornographic’ Versus ‘Photographic’ Studies

Since women tend to use pornography less than men, they may tend to enroll less in studies concerning pornography and/or those who do may be atypical for their gender. One study and a replication assessed (1) the proportion of participants who responded to each of two, minimally-different study advertisements, who reported being women, and (2) pornography use frequency, Erotophilia-Erotophobia, and Openness to Experience among such women. Pornography was mentioned in one advertisement but not the other. The proportion of participants who were women, who responded to each advertisement, did not differ. Women who responded to each of the two advertisements differed only in Openness to Experience, and only in one of the two samples. These findings are consistent with surveys advertising using the word 'pornographic' to North American university convenience samples, not producing (i) self-selection out by women, or (ii) over-sampling of gender-atypical women in the presumably-relevant variables noted under (2)

Modeling of forensic population current crime severity, based on past crime severity

Predicting recidivistic severity in forensic populations would prove useful to tribunals deciding on sentence length, deciding on determinate versus indeterminate sentences, and applying “significant risk” statutes. In an exploratory study, we combine actuarial and self-report data to “predict” current severity of offending, in a forensic population in which all individuals are past offenders. Current criminal charges against a group of inmates (participants) in a Canadian, forensic psychiatric unit, were related to basic demographic and diagnosis information from psychiatric file, past offences, and a few, easily administered and scored pencil-and-paper tests. Many participants previously held Not Criminally Responsible due to Mental Disorder for at least one criminal offense. The collected information “predicted” current offence(s), producing R’s of .60, .57 and .89 for N = 171 males and 28 females. Limitations include the need for replication with prospective designs and a better scale to measure severity of violence. Implications for practice and policy are discussed

Predictors of Anxiety in the COVID-19 Pandemic from a Global Perspective: Data from 23 Countries

Prior and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have resulted in substantial changes to everyday life. The pandemic and measures of its control affect mental health negatively. Self-reported data from 15,375 participants from 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two questionnaires measuring anxiety level were used in this study—the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). The associations between a set of social indicators on anxiety during COVID-19 (e.g., sex, age, country, live alone) were tested as well. Self-reported anxiety during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic varied across countries, with the maximum levels reported for Brazil, Canada, Italy, Iraq and the USA. Sex differences of anxiety levels during COVID-19 were also examined, and results showed women reported higher levels of anxiety compared to men. Overall, our results demonstrated that the self-reported symptoms of anxiety were higher compared to those reported in general before pandemic. We conclude that such cultural dimensions as individualism/collectivism, power distance and looseness/tightness may function as protective adaptive mechanisms against the development of anxiety disorders in a pandemic situation

Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Role of Empathy during COVID-19's First Wave

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals' empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study examined different facets of empathy-Perspective-Taking, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress, and their association with cross-cultural ratings on Individualism, Power Distance, The Human Development Index, Social Support Ranking, and the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index, as well as the currently confirmed number of cases of COVID-19 at the time of data collection. The highest ratings on Perspective-Taking were obtained for USA, Brazil, Italy, Croatia, and Armenia (from maximum to minimum); on Empathetic Concern, for the USA, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Indonesia; and on Personal Distress, from Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Armenia, Indonesia. Results also present associations between demographic factors and empathy across countries. Limitations and future directions are presented