Localized corrosion of high performance metal alloys in an acid/salt environment

Various vacuum jacketed cryogenic supply lines at the Space Shuttle launch site at Kennedy Space Center use convoluted flexible expansion joints. The atmosphere at the launch site has a very high salt content, and during a launch, fuel combustion products include hydrochloric acid. This extremely corrosive environment has caused pitting corrosion failure in the thin walled 304L stainless steel flex hoses. A search was done to find a more corrosion resistant replacement material. The study focussed on 19 metal alloys. Tests which were performed include electrochemical corrosion testing, accelerated corrosion testing in a salt fog chamber, and long term exposure at a beach corrosion testing site. Based on the results of these tests, several nickel based alloys were found to have very high resistance to this corrosive environment. Also, there was excellent agreement between the electrochemical tests and the actual beach exposure tests. This suggests that electrochemical testing may be useful for narrowing the field of potential candidate alloys before subjecting samples to long term beach exposure

Theorizing from Particularity: Perpetrators and Intersectional Theory on Domestic Violence

The role of identity-based stereotypes about perpetrators in domestic violence cases has not received much attention in legal scholarship, which has instead focused on the identities of victims. However, stereotypes governing who is a recognizable victim (e.g., that victims are white, middle-class, passive, and dependent women in heterosexual relationships) cannot by themselves explain why nonconforming victims are sometimes successful in family court cases and other, more “perfect” victims are not. Drawing on intersectionality theory, which studies the ways experiences are shaped by the interaction of multiple identity categories, I argue that understanding this phenomenon requires a relational analysis that examines the “other side”: the perpetrator, recognition of whom is governed by intersecting identity stereotypes that parallel those affecting victims. Part II introduces two illustrative domestic violence cases and shows the ways in which conventional approaches to intersectional analysis of victims’ experiences cannot explain why unconventional victims sometimes win their cases while others do not. Part III proposes extending intersectionality theory on domestic violence with insights from legal scholarship on the intersectionality of heterosexual men of color and performance theory in order to allow for consideration of how identity is enacted by both victims and perpetrators in court. This Part also considers issues of relative privilege and subordination that arise from an analysis that includes perpetrators as well as victims. Part IV examines the methodological implications of an extended intersectional frame, and shows how a more comparative, intercategorical approach to intersectional method supports an analysis that is at once more particularized and more expansive in its explanatory power

From Victims to Litigants

This Article reports findings from an ethnographic study of self-help programs in two western states. The study investigated how self-help assistance provided by partnerships between courts and nongovernmental organizations implicates advocacy and access to justice for domestic violence survivors. The primary finding is that self-help programs may inadvertently work to curtail, rather than expand, advocacy resources. Furthermore, problems identified with self-help service delivery and negative impacts on advocacy systems may be explained by the structure of work within self-help programs and the nature of partnerships to provide self-help services. The Author uncovers previously unseen impacts of self-help programs on survivors and on the resources to help them. She concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research directions and describes what can be done now to improve self-help services for survivors

When Courts Collide: Integrated Domestic Violence Courts and Court Pluralism

This Article proposes court pluralism as a new theory for analyzing the role of the justice system in addressing domestic violence. It argues that a systemic view of the justice system is essential to developing coherent reform strategies, and lays out the foundation for taking into account the unique functions of civil and criminal justice in domestic violence cases. In doing so, the Article challenges the one-dimensional characterization of a fragmented court system as bad for victims of domestic violence that dominates legal scholarship, and shows that court fragmentation can be an opportunity and potential source of protection from systemic problems in the justice system. This more complete understanding of the significance of fragmentation in the justice system is especially important given current efforts to merge essential civil and criminal court functions within single, integrated domestic violence courts. The Article explores claims for integrated courts and argues that the value of court pluralism is overlooked. Part I introduces the problem of integrated courts in a pluralistic court system. Part II examines the normative function of criminal courts in relation to domestic violence cases and contrasts the remedies available to victims in criminal and civil courts. Part III critiques the rationale for integrated domestic violence courts from the standpoint of litigation strategy, and identifies alternative avenues for system reform. This Part also examines the ways in which integrated courts compromise the autonomy-enhancing functions of civil courts. Part IV shows that despite the advantages of civil courts for victims, the characterization of civil justice as relatively unproblematic is inaccurate, and revisits the normative role of the criminal courts. This Part demonstrates that the functionality of criminal courts is compromised by persistent process failures in dealing with domestic violence, and shows both the synergy between defendants’ rights and victims’ needs, and the inadequacy of evaluating domestic violence policies without taking court pluralism into account. This Part argues that, given the risks and lack of benefits to victims of integrating criminal and civil court functions, this reform strategy should be reconsidered in light of its impact on court pluralism. Part V, the conclusion, urges reformers to work to identify and improve the distinct functionalities of civil and criminal courts for victims of domestic violence while maintaining the benefits of court pluralism, and identifies priorities for future research

Domestic Violence and the Politics of Self-Help

Self-help programs are conceptualized as alternatives to attorney representation that can help both courts and unrepresented litigants. The rhetoric of self-help also typically includes empowering unrepresented individuals to help themselves. But how do self-help programs respond to litigants’ efforts at self-advocacy? This Article reports findings from a study of courthouse self-help programs assisting unrepresented litigants applying for protection orders. The central finding is that self-help staff members were not neutral in the provision of services despite a professed ethic of neutrality. Using the sociological concept of demeanor, this Article shows that staff members rewarded protection order applicants who conformed to stereotypes about domestic violence victims and responded negatively to litigants who raised questions or sought assistance outside the scope of narrowly defined services. Staff members also failed to provide assistance with important economic remedies and de-prioritized safety planning and referrals to vital antiviolence services. In these and other ways, staff members influenced what relief was sought and by whom. This finding is especially troubling given the overarching goals of domestic violence protection orders to increase safety and empower low-income women, and has broad implications for studying access to justice and law and social movements. This Article also contributes to the analysis of demeanor by expanding previous typologies with the addition of two new categories: token supportive demeanor, and apathetic demeanor. These additions further account for how authority is displayed in legal settings, and how law is implemented through everyday interactions as well as formal decision-making

Reimagining Access to Justice in the Poor People’s Courts

Access to justice efforts have been focused more on access than justice, due in part to the framing of access to justice issues around the presence or absence of lawyers. This article argues that access to justice scholars and activists should also think about social justice and provides a roadmap for running a legal services program geared toward making court systems more just. The article also further develops the concept of “poor people’s courts,” a term that has been used to describe courts serving large numbers of low-income people without representation. The article argues that access to justice efforts can and should prioritize responses that address the unique, subordinating impacts of these courts, including those relating to race, class and gender bias, state intervention, and the punitive effects of intersecting state systems. In this context, the article proposes a new theory of access to justice as a counter-hegemonic practice; one that is aimed at challenging dominant ideologies and transforming subordinating systems, as well as delivering legal services

Singularities of Scattering Amplitudes on Unphysical Sheets and Their Interpretation

The analytic structure of two-particle scattering amplitudes on the unphysical sheet of the Riemann surface reached by crossing the two-particle cut is discussed. The singularities of the amplitudes there are shown to be poles and their physical interpretation is studied. The way in which bound states appear on the physical sheet in the Mandelstam representation, both as isolated poles and as cuts, is traced in detail. The properties of partial wave amplitudes and of the full amplitude as a function of energy and angle and of energy and momentum transfer are discussed. Finally, a few remarks are made in connection with unstable states

Paper Session III-C - Corrosion Protection of Launch Infrastructure and Flight Hardware at the Kennedy Space Center

The Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is a major source of worldwide corrosion expertise. Corrosion studies began at KSC in 1966 during the Gemini/Apollo Programs with the evaluation of long-term protective coatings for the atmospheric protection of carbon steel. NASA’s KSC Beach Corrosion Test Site was established at that time. The site has provided over 30 years of technical information on the long-term performance of many materials and continues to be upgraded with state-of-the-art capabilities to meet the current and future needs of NASA, other government agencies, and industry for corrosion protection. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle in 1981, the already highly corrosive conditions at the launch pad were rendered even more severe by the acidic exhaust from the solid rocket boosters. In the years that followed, numerous studies have identified materials, coatings, and maintenance procedures for launch hardware and equipment exposed to the highly corrosive environment at the launch pad. KSC’s Materials Science Laboratories have conducted testing and research in the field of corrosion since 1968. The Corrosion Laboratory was established in 1985 and was outfitted with stateof- the-art equipment to conduct research and materials evaluation in many different corrosive environments. In 2000, the Corrosion Technology Testbed was created in order to achieve KSC’s goal of increased participation in research and development. The Corrosion Technology Testbed is staffed with scientists, corrosion engineers and technicians with extensive experience in the field of corrosion and is outfitted with state-of-the-art instrumentation and equipment to develop new corrosion control technologies and to investigate, evaluate, and determine materials behavior in many different corrosive environments. Its facilities include an Atmospheric Exposure Test Site, documented by the American Society of Materials (ASM) as one of the most corrosive naturally occurring environments in the world, an Electrochemistry Laboratory, a Seawater Immersion System, a Coatings Application Laboratory, and an Accelerated Corrosion Laboratory. The site has recently been outfitted with network connectivity for data acquisition through the Internet. A historical perspective highlighting the lessons learned in over thirty years of corrosion research, materials evaluation, and development work aimed at protecting and enhancing the safety and reliability of the nation’s launch infrastructure and hardware will be presented

Models of Invisibility: Rendering Domestic and Other Gendered Violence Visible to Students through Clinical Law Teaching

The proliferation of university courses about domestic violence includes clinical courses in law schools in which students represent victims in their legal cases. This essay advocates for a broader approach to teaching about the problem. Using examples from their clinic cases, the authors show how teachers can overcome pedagogical challenges and render domestic and other forms of gendered violence, including state and community violence, more visible to students by intentionally raising and placing it within larger frameworks of structural inequality. In this way, students learn to identify and address gendered violence even when it is not the presenting problem