Biochemiczne podstawy chemioterapii nowotworów

Obecny stan wiedzy pozwala na zwalczanie chorób nowotworowych w oparciu o trzy główne metody lecznicze — operacyjną, radioterapię i chemioterapię. Dwie pierwsze metody mają w pewien sposób ograniczony zasięg stosowania i nie mogą być stosowane w zwalczaniu niektórych nowotworów, jak na przykład białaczek. Chemioterapia może być stosowana w leczeniu większości nowotworów jako metoda samodzielna lub w połączeniu z innymi, szczególnie w połączeniu z metodami chirurgicznymi (Hill 1978) (Fragment tekstu)

The assessment of stress reactions of patients with implanted defibrillators

Background. Although they save life, implantable defibrillators have psychological side effects and increase the number of patients who experience anxiety, depressive symptoms and, in extreme cases, post-traumatic stress disorder (PT SD). Escalation of PT SD symptoms depends on patients’ ability to cope with stress. Objectives . The aim of this study was to assess the reactions of patients after defibrillator implantation, and their ways to cope with stress, as well as to analyze the relationship between the ways of coping with stress and PT SD symptoms. Material and methods. The study was conducted using the Mini-Cope, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the author’s questionnaire. It involved 111 patients with implanted defibrillators at the mean age of 60 years, including 88 (79.3%) men. The majority of the patients had secondary education – 38 (34.2%) and were married – 85 (76.6%). 51 (45.9%) were one year after defibrillator implantation. Results. It was demonstrated that 49 (44.1%) of the surveyed experienced intracardiac discharges, out of whom 8 (17.1%) went through an ‘electrical storm’. This group obtained higher PT SD scores in all three IES-R domains comparing to those without implanted defibrillators. The most common strategy to cope with stress was acceptance of the situation and searching for emotional support. Conclusions . 1. Intracardiac discharges are the vital problem of patients after defibrillator implantation. 2. Searching for emotional support and acceptance of the situation are the most common strategies to cope with stress. 3. There is a relationship between PT SD symptoms occurring in patients after implantation of a defibrillator and their strategies to cope with stress

Preschool education in Norway. Historical view and the present day

Artykuł zawiera wybrane informacje dotyczące edukacji przedszkolnej na przykładzie Norwegii. Rozważania rozpoczyna rys historyczny, przybliżający początki opieki nad dziećmi w wieku przedszkolnym po czasy współczesne. Omówiono między innymi cele, zadania przedszkoli oraz ich znaczenie dla norweskiego społeczeństwa. Zaakcentowano typy placówek przedszkolnych i frekwencję w latach 2012-2020 z uwzględnieniem wieku dzieci. Podkreślono znaczenie najważniejszych dokumentów regulujących funkcjonowanie przedszkoli. Na zakończenie zamieszczono krótką wzmiankę na temat kwalifikacji osób zatrudnionych na stanowisku nauczyciela wychowania przedszkolnego.The article contains selected information on preschool education in Norway. It opens with a historical outline of the beginnings of preschool care in Norway up to the present day. It discusses, among other things, the aims and tasks of kindergartens and their significance for Norwegian society. It highlights the types of preschool institutions and attendance for the years 2012-2020, taking into account the age of children. The importance of most vital documents regulating the work of preschool services is emphasized. Finally, a brief reference is made to the qualifications of people employed as preschool teachers

Changes in Metabolic Profile in the Women with a History of PCOS—A Long-Term Follow-Up Study

Data concerning metabolic consequences in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are delivered mainly by cross-sectional studies. In this research, we re-examined 31 Caucasian PCOS women after a median period of 120.9 months to evaluate the changes in metabolic syndrome components. Clinical examination, oral glucose tolerance test with estimations of glucose and insulin, lipids, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and sex hormones assessments were performed on two occasions. Additionally, the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique was used at the baseline to assess insulin sensitivity (M-clamp value). In the end, the median age of participants was 35. We observed an increase in glucose concentrations, a decrease in insulin concentrations and no changes in insulin resistance markers. Final mean glucose, mean insulin, Matsuda index and body mass index (BMI) were correlated with baseline M-clamp value and SHBG (p < 0.01). During the follow-up, no one in the sample developed diabetes. The annualised incidence rate for conversion from normoglycaemia to prediabetes totalled 4.5%. Baseline BMI, free androgen index, fasting glucose and M-clamp value were identified as prediabetes predictors in young PCOS women (respectively, OR = 1.17, OR = 1.42, OR = 1.2, OR = 0.73, p < 0.05). Prediabetes appeared in 76.47% of the women with a final BMI of ≥ 25 kg/m2 and in 7.14% of the normal-weight women (p = 0.0001). In conclusion, we report a high rate of adverse change in glucose metabolism in overweight and obese participants, a deterioration in β-cell function and strong correlations between metabolic parameters assessed in the third and the fourth decade in PCOS women, emphasising the role of early intervention to prevent cardiometabolic diseases

The functioning of Golvsengane kindergarten in Nordfjordeid in Norway

W artykule dokonano charakterystyki edukacji przedszkolnej w Norwegii na przykładzie pracy przedszkola w Nordfjordeid. Opis kadry i wychowanków poprzedza krótka historia związana z powstaniem placówki i miejscem jej usytuowania. Szczególną uwagę skoncentrowano na funkcjonowaniu przedszkola, planowaniu i prowadzeniu zajęć, spacerów, wycieczek, uroczystości, aranżacji kącików zainteresowań. Zaakcentowano opiekę zdrowotną, pomoc pedagogiczno-psychologiczną, logopedyczną oraz współpracę ze środowiskiem (w tym środowiskiem rodzinnym dziecka). Zawarto w nim też ocenę pracy placówki w oparciu o obowiązujące uregulowania prawne.The article presents pre-school education in Norway on the example of a kindergarten in Nordfjordeid. The description of the staff and pupils is preceded by a short history related to the establishment of the facility and its location. Special attention has been paid to the functioning of the kindergarten, planning and conducting classes, walks, excursions, celebrations, and the arrangement of interest corners. Health care, pedagogical and psychological assistance, speech therapy and cooperation with the environment (including the child's family environment) have been highlighted. The article includes an assessment of the facility's work based on current legal regulations

Serum Concentrations of Betatrophin and Its Association with Indirect Indices of Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Function in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction. Data underline the role of betatrophin in glucose homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship of serum betatrophin concentrations with indirect indices of IR and insulin secretion in women with PCOS, compared to the control group. Methods. The study group comprised 43 women with PCOS and 16 controls. IR was assessed by HOMA-IR and Matsuda index. Insulin secretion was evaluated with HOMA-B. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with estimation of serum betatrophin concentrations was performed. Results. Glucose load resulted in an increase in serum betatrophin concentrations in the control group (p=0.02). Serum betatrophin concentrations at 120 min of OGTT were lower in women with PCOS than in the control group (p=0.02). We observed positive correlations between baseline serum betatrophin concentrations and HOMA-IR (r=0.39, p=0.008), negative correlations with Matsuda index (r=−0.31, p=0.004), and a positive relationship with HOMA-B (r=0.38, p=0.01) in women with PCOS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HOMA-B (β=0.47, p=0.001) was an independent factor connected to serum betatrophin levels in PCOS. Conclusions. Serum concentrations of betatrophin are connected with insulin resistance and beta cell function and did not change after glucose load in women with PCOS

Serum Concentrations of Betatrophin and Its Association with Indirect Indices of Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Function in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction. Data underline the role of betatrophin in glucose homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship of serum betatrophin concentrations with indirect indices of IR and insulin secretion in women with PCOS, compared to the control group. Methods. The study group comprised 43 women with PCOS and 16 controls. IR was assessed by HOMA-IR and Matsuda index. Insulin secretion was evaluated with HOMA-B. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with estimation of serum betatrophin concentrations was performed. Results. Glucose load resulted in an increase in serum betatrophin concentrations in the control group (p=0.02). Serum betatrophin concentrations at 120 min of OGTT were lower in women with PCOS than in the control group (p=0.02). We observed positive correlations between baseline serum betatrophin concentrations and HOMA-IR (r=0.39, p=0.008), negative correlations with Matsuda index (r=−0.31, p=0.004), and a positive relationship with HOMA-B (r=0.38, p=0.01) in women with PCOS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HOMA-B (β=0.47, p=0.001) was an independent factor connected to serum betatrophin levels in PCOS. Conclusions. Serum concentrations of betatrophin are connected with insulin resistance and beta cell function and did not change after glucose load in women with PCOS