Iodine versus Xenon degassing history of the Early Earth

International audienceXenon is missing from the atmosphere of the Earth relative to chondritic patterns, this is known as the "missing Xenon" problem. The Earth's atmosphere is enriched in 132Xe relative to 129Xe compared with chondritic and solar compositions. Xenon isotope 129Xe originates from the 129I decay (now extinct, half-life 1.6 x 107 yr). Still today there is no satisfactory explanation for such a fractionation that must have occurred during the Earth differentiation, during the first hundred million years of the Earth's history at the stage of the "magma ocean". Among the hypothesis, it is proposed that iodine was separated from xenon from a process involving water, because on a chemical point of view iodine is hydrophilic whereas xenon is hydrophobic. If true, both elements are expected to exhibit different behaviours when a hydrated magma is degassing. It is proposed that early intense water degassing occurred from the magma ocean at the Hadean, if true it may have caused iodine loss from the Earth (1). Partition coefficients of iodine and xenon have been measured in situ between molten silicate and aqueous fluids, from high temperatures (up to 820°C) and pressures (up to 1Ga) to ambient conditions using resistive-heating diamond-anvil cells (RH-DAC) combined with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF). Residual contents of iodine and xenon have been measured in the quench glasses using particle induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Results show no strong differential behaviour of xenon relative to iodine: both elements are concentrated in the silicate melt at high pressure, and they partition significantly in favour the aqueous phase during decompression. The analysis of the quenched silicate melts (i.e. glasses) reveals that a non-negligible part of xenon is remained in the glass when almost all iodine is lost. Results are in agreement with a potential storage of xenon in silicate minerals and/or melts at depth (2), another hypothesis to explain the xenon missing paradox. References (1) H. Bureau, A.-L. Auzende, M. Marocchi, C. Raepsaet, P. Munsch, D. Testemale, M. Mézouar, S. Kubsky, M. Carrière, A. Ricolleau and G. Fiquet (2015) The Volcanic degassing of Iodine, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 173, 114-125. (2) C. Leroy, C. Sanloup, H. Bureau, B.C. Schmidt, Z. Konôpkova, C. Raepsaet, (2018) Bonding of xenon to oxygen in magmas at depth. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 484, 103-110

Iodine versus Xenon degassing history of the Early Earth

International audienceXenon is missing from the atmosphere of the Earth relative to chondritic patterns, this is known as the "missing Xenon" problem. The Earth's atmosphere is enriched in 132Xe relative to 129Xe compared with chondritic and solar compositions. Xenon isotope 129Xe originates from the 129I decay (now extinct, half-life 1.6 x 107 yr). Still today there is no satisfactory explanation for such a fractionation that must have occurred during the Earth differentiation, during the first hundred million years of the Earth's history at the stage of the "magma ocean". Among the hypothesis, it is proposed that iodine was separated from xenon from a process involving water, because on a chemical point of view iodine is hydrophilic whereas xenon is hydrophobic. If true, both elements are expected to exhibit different behaviours when a hydrated magma is degassing. It is proposed that early intense water degassing occurred from the magma ocean at the Hadean, if true it may have caused iodine loss from the Earth (1). Partition coefficients of iodine and xenon have been measured in situ between molten silicate and aqueous fluids, from high temperatures (up to 820°C) and pressures (up to 1Ga) to ambient conditions using resistive-heating diamond-anvil cells (RH-DAC) combined with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF). Residual contents of iodine and xenon have been measured in the quench glasses using particle induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Results show no strong differential behaviour of xenon relative to iodine: both elements are concentrated in the silicate melt at high pressure, and they partition significantly in favour the aqueous phase during decompression. The analysis of the quenched silicate melts (i.e. glasses) reveals that a non-negligible part of xenon is remained in the glass when almost all iodine is lost. Results are in agreement with a potential storage of xenon in silicate minerals and/or melts at depth (2), another hypothesis to explain the xenon missing paradox. References (1) H. Bureau, A.-L. Auzende, M. Marocchi, C. Raepsaet, P. Munsch, D. Testemale, M. Mézouar, S. Kubsky, M. Carrière, A. Ricolleau and G. Fiquet (2015) The Volcanic degassing of Iodine, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 173, 114-125. (2) C. Leroy, C. Sanloup, H. Bureau, B.C. Schmidt, Z. Konôpkova, C. Raepsaet, (2018) Bonding of xenon to oxygen in magmas at depth. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 484, 103-110

Iodine versus Xenon degassing history of the Early Earth

International audienceXenon is missing from the atmosphere of the Earth relative to chondritic patterns, this is known as the "missing Xenon" problem. The Earth's atmosphere is enriched in 132Xe relative to 129Xe compared with chondritic and solar compositions. Xenon isotope 129Xe originates from the 129I decay (now extinct, half-life 1.6 x 107 yr). Still today there is no satisfactory explanation for such a fractionation that must have occurred during the Earth differentiation, during the first hundred million years of the Earth's history at the stage of the "magma ocean". Among the hypothesis, it is proposed that iodine was separated from xenon from a process involving water, because on a chemical point of view iodine is hydrophilic whereas xenon is hydrophobic. If true, both elements are expected to exhibit different behaviours when a hydrated magma is degassing. It is proposed that early intense water degassing occurred from the magma ocean at the Hadean, if true it may have caused iodine loss from the Earth (1). Partition coefficients of iodine and xenon have been measured in situ between molten silicate and aqueous fluids, from high temperatures (up to 820°C) and pressures (up to 1Ga) to ambient conditions using resistive-heating diamond-anvil cells (RH-DAC) combined with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF). Residual contents of iodine and xenon have been measured in the quench glasses using particle induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Results show no strong differential behaviour of xenon relative to iodine: both elements are concentrated in the silicate melt at high pressure, and they partition significantly in favour the aqueous phase during decompression. The analysis of the quenched silicate melts (i.e. glasses) reveals that a non-negligible part of xenon is remained in the glass when almost all iodine is lost. Results are in agreement with a potential storage of xenon in silicate minerals and/or melts at depth (2), another hypothesis to explain the xenon missing paradox. References (1) H. Bureau, A.-L. Auzende, M. Marocchi, C. Raepsaet, P. Munsch, D. Testemale, M. Mézouar, S. Kubsky, M. Carrière, A. Ricolleau and G. Fiquet (2015) The Volcanic degassing of Iodine, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 173, 114-125. (2) C. Leroy, C. Sanloup, H. Bureau, B.C. Schmidt, Z. Konôpkova, C. Raepsaet, (2018) Bonding of xenon to oxygen in magmas at depth. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 484, 103-110

Iodine versus Xenon degassing history of the Early Earth

International audienceXenon is missing from the atmosphere of the Earth relative to chondritic patterns, this is known as the "missing Xenon" problem. The Earth's atmosphere is enriched in 132Xe relative to 129Xe compared with chondritic and solar compositions. Xenon isotope 129Xe originates from the 129I decay (now extinct, half-life 1.6 x 107 yr). Still today there is no satisfactory explanation for such a fractionation that must have occurred during the Earth differentiation, during the first hundred million years of the Earth's history at the stage of the "magma ocean". Among the hypothesis, it is proposed that iodine was separated from xenon from a process involving water, because on a chemical point of view iodine is hydrophilic whereas xenon is hydrophobic. If true, both elements are expected to exhibit different behaviours when a hydrated magma is degassing. It is proposed that early intense water degassing occurred from the magma ocean at the Hadean, if true it may have caused iodine loss from the Earth (1). Partition coefficients of iodine and xenon have been measured in situ between molten silicate and aqueous fluids, from high temperatures (up to 820°C) and pressures (up to 1Ga) to ambient conditions using resistive-heating diamond-anvil cells (RH-DAC) combined with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF). Residual contents of iodine and xenon have been measured in the quench glasses using particle induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE). Results show no strong differential behaviour of xenon relative to iodine: both elements are concentrated in the silicate melt at high pressure, and they partition significantly in favour the aqueous phase during decompression. The analysis of the quenched silicate melts (i.e. glasses) reveals that a non-negligible part of xenon is remained in the glass when almost all iodine is lost. Results are in agreement with a potential storage of xenon in silicate minerals and/or melts at depth (2), another hypothesis to explain the xenon missing paradox. References (1) H. Bureau, A.-L. Auzende, M. Marocchi, C. Raepsaet, P. Munsch, D. Testemale, M. Mézouar, S. Kubsky, M. Carrière, A. Ricolleau and G. Fiquet (2015) The Volcanic degassing of Iodine, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 173, 114-125. (2) C. Leroy, C. Sanloup, H. Bureau, B.C. Schmidt, Z. Konôpkova, C. Raepsaet, (2018) Bonding of xenon to oxygen in magmas at depth. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 484, 103-110

Explainable Artificial Neural Network for Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism Based on Plasma Proteomics

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cardiovascular disease, affecting ∼ 1,000,000 individuals each year in Europe. VTE is characterized by an annual recurrent rate of ∼ 6%, and ∼ 30% of patients with unprovoked VTE will face a recurrent event after a six-month course of anticoagulant treatment. Even if guidelines recommend life-long treatment for these patients, about ∼ 70% of them will never experience a recurrence and will receive unnecessary lifelong anti-coagulation that is associated with increased risk of bleeding and is highly costly for the society. There is then urgent need to identify biomarkers that could distinguish VTE patients with high risk of recurrence from low-risk patients. Capitalizing on a sample of 913 patients followed up for the risk of VTE recurrence during a median of ∼ 10 years and profiled for 376 plasma proteomic antibodies, we here develop an artificial neural network (ANN) based strategy to identify a proteomic signature that helps discriminating patients at low and high risk of recurrence. In a first stage, we implemented a Repeated Editing Nearest Neighbors algorithm to select a homogeneous sub-sample of VTE patients. This sub-sample was then split in a training and a testing sets. The former was used for training our ANN, the latter for testing its discriminatory properties. In the testing dataset, our ANN led to an accuracy of 0.86 that compared to an accuracy of 0.79 as provided by a random forest classifier. We then applied a Deep Learning Important FeaTures (DeepLIFT) – based approach to identify the variables that contribute the most to the ANN predictions. In addition to sex, the proposed DeepLIFT strategy identified 6 important proteins (DDX1, HTRA3, LRG1, MAST2, NFATC4 and STXBP5) whose exact roles in the etiology of VTE recurrence now deserve further experimental validations. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Eur Heart J Suppl

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs participating to several biological processes and known to be involved in various pathologies. Measurable in body fluids, miRNAs have been proposed to serve as efficient biomarkers for diseases and/or associated traits. Here, we performed a next-generation-sequencing based profiling of plasma miRNAs in 344 patients with venous thrombosis (VT) and assessed the association of plasma miRNA levels with several haemostatic traits and the risk of VT recurrence. Among the most significant findings, we detected an association between hsa-miR-199b-3p and haematocrit levels (P = 0.0016), these two markers having both been independently reported to associate with VT risk. We also observed suggestive evidence for association of hsa-miR-370-3p (P = 0.019), hsa-miR-27b-3p (P = 0.016) and hsa-miR-222-3p (P = 0.049) with VT recurrence, the observations at the latter two miRNAs confirming the recent findings of Wang et al. Besides, by conducting Genome-Wide Association Studies on miRNA levels and meta-analyzing our results with some publicly available, we identified 21 new associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms with plasma miRNA levels at the statistical significance threshold of P < 5 × 10−8, some of these associations pertaining to thrombosis associated mechanisms. In conclusion, this study provides novel data about the impact of miRNAs’ variability in haemostasis and new arguments supporting the association of few miRNAs with the risk of recurrence in patients with venous thrombosis.Los micro-ARN (miARN) son pequeñas moléculas de ARN reguladoras que participan en varios procesos biológicos y están implicados en diversas patologías. Mensurables en los líquidos corporales, se ha planteado que los miARN pueden ser biomarcadores eficaces para el diagnóstico de enfermedades y/o características asociadas. Aquí hemos llevado a cabo un análisis de miARN plasmático con tecnología de secuenciación de última generación en 344 pacientes con trombosis venosa (TV) y hemos evaluado la asociación de los niveles de miARN con distintas características hemostáticas y el riesgo de recidiva de TV. Entre los hallazgos más significativos, hemos detectado una asociación entre hsa-miR-199b-3p y los niveles de hematocritos (p = 0,0016); dos marcadores que se habían asociado de forma independiente con el riesgo de sufrir TV. Asimismo, hemos observado una evidencia indicativa de asociación entre hsa-miR-370-3p (p = 0,019), hsa-miR-27b-3p (p = 0,016) y hsa-miR-222-3p (p = 0,049) y la recidiva de TV; los resultados los dos últimos miARN confirman los hallazgos recientes de Wang et al. (Clin Epigenetics, 2019). Además, al efectuar estudios de asociación del genoma completo sobre los niveles de miARN y al metaanalizar nuestros resultados con otros disponibles públicamente, hemos identificado 21 asociaciones nuevas de polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (PSN) con niveles de miARN plasmático con un umbral de significación estadística de p < 5 × 10−8; algunas de estas asociaciones pertenecen a los mecanismos patogénicos de la trombosis.Como conclusión, en este estudio se proporcionan nuevos datos sobre el impacto de la variabilidad de miARN en la hemostasia y nuevos argumentos que apoyan la asociación de algunas secuencias de miARN con el riesgo de recidiva en pacientes con trombosis venosa

Association of ABO blood groups with venous thrombosis recurrence in middle-aged patients: insights from a weighted Cox analysis dedicated to ambispective design

International audienceBACKGROUND: In studies of time-to-events, it is common to collect information about events that occurred before the inclusion in a prospective cohort. When the studied risk factors are independent of time, including both pre- and post-inclusion events in the analyses, generally referred to as relying on an ambispective design, increases the statistical power but may lead to a selection bias. In the field of venous thromboembolism (VT), ABO blood groups have been the subject of extensive research due to their substantial effect on VT risk. However, few studies have investigated their effect on the risk of VT recurrence. Motivated by the study of the association of genetically determined ABO blood groups with VT recurrence, we propose a methodology to include pre-inclusion events in the analysis of ambispective studies while avoiding the selection bias due to mortality. METHODS: This work relies on two independent cohorts of VT patients, the French MARTHA study built on an ambispective design and the Dutch MEGA study built on a standard prospective design. For the analysis of the MARTHA study, a weighted Cox model was developed where weights were defined by the inverse of the survival probability at the time of data collection about the events. Thanks to the collection of information on the vital status of patients, we could estimate the survival probabilities using a delayed-entry Cox model on the death risk. Finally, results obtained in both studies were then meta-analysed. RESULTS: In the combined sample totalling 2,752 patients including 993 recurrences, the A1 blood group has an increased risk (Hazard Ratio (HR) of 1.18, p = 4.2 × 10(-3)) compared with the O1 group, homogeneously in MARTHA and in MEGA. The same trend (HR = 1.19, p = 0.06) was observed for the less frequent A2 group. CONCLUSION: The proposed methodology increases the power of studies relying on an ambispective design which is frequent in epidemiologic studies about recurrent events. This approach allowed to clarify the association of ABO blood groups with the risk of VT recurrence. Besides, this methodology has an immediate field of application in the context of genome wide association studies