Essential Oils and Volatiles as Nematodicides against the Cyst Nematodes Globodera and Heterodera

The cyst nematodes of the genera Heterodera (HET) and Globodera (GLO) are among the most damaging obligate plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) that parasitize cereals, rice, potatoes and soybean. In the absence of resistant crops, soil fumigation of pesticides provides a good strategy for population control. However, synthetic nematicides can cause negative environmental and public health impacts and are feared to lead to the development of resistance and immunity. The use of essential oils (EOs) could be a viable environmentally friendly alternative, which has been poorly explored on cyst nematodes but has shown very good results on other PPNs. The present work reviews the existing bibliography on the biological activity of EOs against GLO and HET. EOs from Allium sativum, Eucalyptus globulus, and Salvia officinalis were the most active against GLO egg hatching. The EOs extracted from Hyssopus cuspidatus, Kaempferia galanga, Mentha canadensis, Ocimum basilicum, and Valeriana amurensis had the highest activity against HET J2 juveniles. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, a phenylpropanoid ester, was the EO volatile with the highest toxicity against HET, showing lower EC50 values than the nematodicide fosthiazate. The study of EOs against cyst nematodes is still preliminary in comparison to other PPNs. Future works must expand this line of research and explore greener practices in cyst nematode pest management

Phytochemicals as Biopesticides against the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: A Review on Essential Oils and Their Volatiles

The impacts of a rapidly changing environment together with the growth in global trade activities has promoted new plant pest pandemic events in forest ecosystems. The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes strong worldwide economic and ecological impacts. Direct control is performed through trunk injection of powerful nematicides, however many of these (hemi)synthetic compounds have raised ecological and human health concerns for affecting non-target species and accumulating in food products. As sustainable alternatives, essential oils (EOs) have shown very promising results. In this work, available literature on the direct activity of EOs against PWN is reviewed, as a contribution to advance the search for safer and greener biopesticides to be used in sustainable PWD pest management strategies. For the first time, important parameters concerning the bioassays performed, the PWNs bioassayed, and the EOs used are summarized and comparatively analyzed. Ultimately, an overview of the chemical composition of the most active EOs allowed to uncover preliminary guidelines for anti-PWN EO efficiency. The analysis of important information on the volatile phytochemicals composing nematicidal EOs provides a solid basis to engineer sustainable biopesticides capable of controlling the PWN under an integrated pest management framework and contributes to improved forest health

OCIO Y TIEMPO LIBRE DE NIÑOS Y JÓVENES DEL SECTOR RURAL EN EL MUNICIPIO DEL ESPINAL - LEISURE OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN THE RURAL SECTOR IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ESPINAL

ResumenDentro del casco rural del municipio de El Espinal en la Vereda Dindalito, la Institución Educativa representa la única alternativa para el acceso a la educación de los niños y jóvenes del sector, sobre la cual recae la responsabilidad de brindar una adecuación adecuada como alternativa para el acceso a programas técnicos o a la educación superior, el desarrollo de valores sociales para la sana convivencia, la promoción en el cuidado de infancia y adolescencia del sectory el desarrollo de programas y actividades recreativas, deportivas, lúdicas y culturales para el buen aprovechamiento del tiempo libre de los niños y jóvenes en la vereda y las comunidades cercanas.Desafortunadamente, el nivel socio económico y las políticas económicas actuales para el sector rural, ha llevado a la población de este tipo de zonas a la práctica del trabajo informal, que en algunos casos es efectuado por niños y jóvenes como apoyo económico de su núcleo familiar, desplazando las actividades de ocio, deportivas y recreativas que se desarrollan en los espacios de Tiempo Libre o extra escolares. A todo esto, sumamos diferentes factores que conllevan a la inadecuada utilización del Tiempo Libre en este tipo de zonas, la falta de conocimiento por parte de padres e incluso docentes de los conceptos de recreación, ocio, tiempo libre y la importancia que esto implica dentro del desarrollo motriz, cognitivo y emocional en niños y jóvenes, la carencia de espacios adecuados para la práctica deportiva, recreativa y cultural y el escaso apoyo por parte de la administración local en zonas rurales vulnerables del municipio.Todos estos factores combinados, sumados a la escases de valores, la desintegración del núcleo familiar, las costumbres socio culturales y el acceso de niños y jóvenes al dinero a través del trabajo infantil, han abierto la posibilidad de poder ingresar a determinados círculos sociales donde les es fácil acceder al alcoholismo y la drogadicción a temprana edad.Este artículo busca describir las prácticas sociales de Recreación y Tiempo Libre de niños y jóvenes entre 7 y 17 años en la comunidad de la Vereda Dindalito del municipio de El Espinal y determinar que a través del uso adecuado del tiempo libre es posible rescatar valores y brindar oportunidades de vida a los niños y jóvenes que determinen un mejor desarrollo a nivel social.Palabras Clave: Recreación, Ocio, Tiempo Libre, Niñez, Joven, Rural. ABSTRACTWithin the rural area of the municipality of El Espinal in the Vereda Dindalito, the educational institution is the only alternative to the access to education of children and youth in the sector, which has the responsibility to provide an adequate alternative for fitness technical programs or access to higher education, the development of social values for healthy living, promoting care for children and adolescents of sectory developing programs and recreational activities, sports, recreational and cultural for the proper use of leisure time Children and young people in the village and nearby communities.Unfortunately, socioeconomic status and current economic policies for the rural sector, has led to the population of such areas to the practice of informal work, which in some cases is done by children and young people as economic support from their families displacing leisure activities, sports and recreation that take place in the spaces of free time or after school.To all this, add different factors that lead to inappropriate use of free time in such areas, the lack of knowledge by parents and even teachers of the concepts of recreation, leisure, free time and the importance that this implies in the motor, cognitive and emotional development in children and youth, lack of adequate spaces for sport, recreational and cultural practice and limited support from the local administration in vulnerable rural areas of the municipality. All these combined factors, coupled with the scarcity of values, the disintegration of the family, socio-cultural customs and access of children and youth the money through child labor, have opened the possibility to enter certain social circles where they easy access to alcohol and drug abuse at an early age.This article aims to describe the social practices of Recreation and Leisure of children between 7 and 17 years in the community of Vereda Dindalito the municipality of El Espinal and determine that through the proper use of leisure can provide rescue and values life chances of children and young people that determine a better social development level.Keywords: Recreation, Leisure, Recreation, Children, Youth, Rural.

Factores de gestión de ejecución de obras y su influencia en el desarrollo de la provincia del Santa, 2020

The purpose of this research work was to determine how the management factors for the execution of works influence the development of the province of Santa, 2020, which were made up of the budget factor, time factor and quality factor. The unit of analysis was the works executed in the province of Santa, the sample was made up of 29 works. The type of study was basic, with a descriptive and explanatory scope, a non-experimental design with a cross section. The research was developed through an adjustment of the variables, where it was obtained that the budget factor influences development, which evidenced a significance level of 0.000 and a coefficient of 1.221, in the same way it was had that the time factor influences development, which had a significance level of 0.000 and a coefficient of 0.439, and finally it was obtained that the quality factor also influences development which had a significance level of 0.008 and a coefficient of 0.238. As a conclusion, it was found that the management factors for the execution of works (budget factor, time factor and quality factor) influence the development of the province of Santa.El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como finalidad determinar cómo los factores de gestión de ejecución de obras influyen en el desarrollo de la provincia del Santa, 2020., los cuales estuvieron conformados por el factor presupuesto, factor tiempo y factor calidad. La unidad de análisis fue las obras ejecutadas en la provincia del Santa, la muestra estuvo conformada por 29 obras. El tipo de estudio fue básica, con un alcance descriptivo y explicativo, diseño no experimental con corte transversal. La investigación se desarrolló a través de un ajuste de las variables, donde se obtuvo que el factor presupuesto influye en el desarrollo, el cual evidencio un nivel de significancia 0.000 y un coeficiente de 1.221, del mismo modo se tuvo que el factor tiempo influye en el desarrollo, el cual tuvo un nivel de significancia 0.000 y un coeficiente de 0.439, y por último se obtuvo que el factor calidad también influye en el desarrollo el cual tuvo un nivel de significancia 0.008 y un coeficiente de 0.238. Como conclusión se tuvo que los factores de gestión de ejecución de obras (factor presupuesto, factor tiempo y factor calidad) influyen en el desarrollo de la provincia del Santa

Silent progression in disease activity-free relapsing multiple sclerosis.

ObjectiveRates of worsening and evolution to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) may be substantially lower in actively treated patients compared to natural history studies from the pretreatment era. Nonetheless, in our recently reported prospective cohort, more than half of patients with relapsing MS accumulated significant new disability by the 10th year of follow-up. Notably, "no evidence of disease activity" at 2 years did not predict long-term stability. Here, we determined to what extent clinical relapses and radiographic evidence of disease activity contribute to long-term disability accumulation.MethodsDisability progression was defined as an increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 1.5, 1.0, or 0.5 (or greater) from baseline EDSS = 0, 1.0-5.0, and 5.5 or higher, respectively, assessed from baseline to year 5 (±1 year) and sustained to year 10 (±1 year). Longitudinal analysis of relative brain volume loss used a linear mixed model with sex, age, disease duration, and HLA-DRB1*15:01 as covariates.ResultsRelapses were associated with a transient increase in disability over 1-year intervals (p = 0.012) but not with confirmed disability progression (p = 0.551). Relative brain volume declined at a greater rate among individuals with disability progression compared to those who remained stable (p < 0.05).InterpretationLong-term worsening is common in relapsing MS patients, is largely independent of relapse activity, and is associated with accelerated brain atrophy. We propose the term silent progression to describe the insidious disability that accrues in many patients who satisfy traditional criteria for relapsing-remitting MS. Ann Neurol 2019;85:653-666

How does a cadaver model work for testing ultrasound diagnostic capability for rheumatic-like tendon damage?

To establish whether a cadaver model can serve as an effective surrogate for the detection of tendon damage characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, we evaluated intraobserver and interobserver agreement in the grading of RA-like tendon tears shown by US, as well as the concordance between the US findings and the surgically induced lesions in the cadaver model. RA-like tendon damage was surgically induced in the tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) and tibialis posterior tendon (TPT) of ten ankle/foot fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens. Of the 20 tendons examined, six were randomly assigned a surgically induced partial tear; six a complete tear; and eight left undamaged. Three rheumatologists, experts in musculoskeletal US, assessed from 1 to 5 the quality of US imaging of the cadaveric models on a Likert scale. Tendons were then categorized as having either no damage, (0); partial tear, (1); or complete tear (2). All 20 tendons were blindly and independently evaluated twice, over two rounds, by each of the three observers. Overall, technical performance was satisfactory for all items in the two rounds (all values over 2.9 in a Likert scale 1-5). Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for US grading of tendon damage was good (mean κ values 0.62 and 0.71, respectively), with greater reliability found in the TAT than the TPT. Concordance between US findings and experimental tendon lesions was acceptable (70-100 %), again greater for the TAT than for the TPT. A cadaver model with surgically created tendon damage can be useful in evaluating US metric properties of RA tendon lesions

MONITORING ELECTRICITY MARKETS TROUGH REGULATION USING IDEF0 LANGUAGE

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