Estimativa dos coeficientes específicos de mortalidade infantil segundo peso ao nascer no município de São Paulo (Brasil)

Foi estimada a distribuição do peso ao nascer da coorte dos recém-nascidos que deu origem aos óbitos infantis estudados pela Investigação Interamericana de Mortalidade na Infância no projeto de São Paulo (1968-70) e determinados os riscos de óbito associados a cada intervalo de peso de nascimento. Assim, foram apurados coeficientes de mortalidade infantil de 305,5, 50,2 e 34,4 para recém-nascidos de baixo peso, peso deficiente e peso superior a 3.000 g. A comparação destes coeficientes com os registrados na área americana incluída na investigação citada (Califórnia), revelou excesso de mortalidade, particularmente notável não para os recém-nascidos de baixo peso, mas para os recém-nascidos de peso superior a 3.000 g. O ajuste da mortalidade de São Paulo (Brasil) à distribuição do peso ao nascer observada na Califórnia foi capaz de explicar 15% do excesso da mortalidade infantil e 21% do excesso da mortalidade neonatal de São Paulo.By means of the birth-rate distribution found to exist during the Inter-American Investigation of Mortality in Childhood in S. Paulo (1968-70) the infant death rate association with each birth-weight interval was estimated. The infant mortality rates were 305.5, 50.2 and 34.4 respectively for low birth-weight, deficient weight and weight above 3,000 grams. Compared with the rates found in California, USA, by the same Investigation, the infant mortality rates in S. Paulo are higher, particularly for mortality associated with birth-weight of above 3,000 grams. The adjustment of infant mortality rates in S. Paulo according to the birth-weight distribution found in California led to the conclusion that, at that period, only 15% of the excess of the infant mortality of S. Paulo could be attributed exclusively to birth-weight. In the case of neonatal mortality, 21% of the mortality excess in S. Paulo could be attributed to birth-weight

Part I. What has happened in terms of some of the unique elements of shift in diet, activity, obesity, and other measures of morbidity and mortality within different regions of the world? Is obesity replacing or adding to undernutrition? Evidence from different social classes in Brazil

Objective: To describe time trends in under- and overnutrition in different regional and income strata of the child and adult population of Brazil. Design: Nation-wide surveys conducted in 1975, 1989 and 1996/7 in probabilistic samples of 1-4-year-old children and adults 20 years and over. Time trends refer to stunting, wasting and overweight prevalences among children and age-adjusted underweight and obesity prevalences among adults (95% confidence intervals included). Subjects: Individuals examined by each survey in each age group ranged from 1796 young children in 1996 to 78031 adults in 1975. Setting: North-eastern and south-eastern regions of Brazil. Results: Undernutrition indicators declined intensively and continuously among children and adults in all region and income strata. Obesity remained low and relatively stable among children, but increased intensively and continuously in all regions and income strata among adult males. Obesity also increased intensively and continuously among adult women from the less economically developed region of Brazil (the north-eastern region) and among lower-income women from the more developed region (the south-eastern region). Higher-income women from the more developed region had a significant increase in obesity from 1975 to 1989, followed by a significant decline from 1989 to 1997. Conclusions: Undernutrition in young children is being controlled in Brazil without evidence of increasing obesity. However, obesity is rapidly replacing undernutrition in most gender, region and income strata of the adult population. Adult obesity is already more frequent than adult undernutrition in the more economically developed region, among all higher-income groups, and also among lower-income women living in the more developed region. These lower-income women are significantly more exposed than their higher-income counterparts to both undernutrition and obesity

House dust fungal communities’ characterization: a double take on the six by sixty by six (6 × 60 × 6) project

Fungi are a group of microbes that are found with particular incidence in the indoor environment. Their direct toxicity or capability of generating toxic compounds has been associated with a large number of adverse health effects, such as infectious diseases and allergies. Given that in modern society people spend a large part of their time indoors; fungal communities’ characterization of this environmental compartment assumes paramount importance in the comprehension of health effects. House dustThis work was supported by European Funds through COMPETE and by National Funds through the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) within project PEstOE/SAU/UI0709/2014. Ana C. A. Sousa and Sónia D. Coelho acknowledge FCT for the grants SFRH/BPD/65884/2009 and SFRH/ BD/78168/2011 (supported by funding from the Human Potential Operational Programme POPH, inscribed in the National Strategic Reference Framework and partially subsidized by the European Social Fund).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ASTEC -- the Aarhus STellar Evolution Code

The Aarhus code is the result of a long development, starting in 1974, and still ongoing. A novel feature is the integration of the computation of adiabatic oscillations for specified models as part of the code. It offers substantial flexibility in terms of microphysics and has been carefully tested for the computation of solar models. However, considerable development is still required in the treatment of nuclear reactions, diffusion and convective mixing.Comment: Astrophys. Space Sci, in the pres

Green manure in coffee systems in the region of Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais: characteristics and kinetics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization.

The use of green manure may contribute to reduce soil erosion and increase the soil organic matter content and N availability in coffee plantations in the Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais, in Southeastern Brazil. The potential of four legumes (A. pintoi, C. mucunoides, S. aterrimum and S. guianensis)to produce above-ground biomass, accumulate nutrients and mineralize N was studied in two coffee plantations of subsistence farmers under different climate conditions. The biomass production of C. mucunoides was influenced by the shade of the coffee plantation.C. mucunoides tended to mineralize more N than the other legumes due to the low polyphenol content and polyphenol/N ratio. In the first year, the crop establishment of A. pintoi in the area took longer than of the other legumes, resulting in lower biomass production and N2 fixation. In the long term, cellulose was the main factor controlling N mineralization. The biochemical characteristics, nutrient accumulation and biomass production of the legumes were greatly influenced by the altitude and position of the area relative to the sun

Avaliação das práticas diferenciais de amamentação: a questão da etnia

Breastfeeding practices in two Brazilian metropolitan areas (S. Paulo and Recife) are described, as part of a study carried out in 1987. In a random sample of healthy 0-8 month old infants, selected from all health care units, higher breastfeeding rates were found in S. Paulo (initiation, prevalence, median and average) than in Recife. The mean duration of breastfeeding, mixed and full, was of 127.5 and 66.6 days, respectively, for S. Paulo, and of 104.4 and 31.7 days for Recife. When data are analysed according to ethnic group, white S. Paulo women breastfeed more than white Recife women. Full breastfeeding rate is more prevalent among white and "mulato" S. Paulo women. However, when the data were analyzed for each city separately, it was found, remarkably, that the non-whites breastfeed more than the whites. In Recife, full breastfeeding is particularly low in whites (of 15.3 days median) and "mulatos" (of 16.7 days), but of 34.5 days in blacks. The study points out the need for greater in-depth investigation of the issue of ethnicity and infant feeding practices, still inadequately understood in world literature.Descreve-se a situação da prática de amamentar em duas áreas metropolitanas brasileiras: São Paulo e Recife, Brasil, em estudos conduzidos em 1987. Em amostras representativas da população de crianças saudáveis de 0-8 meses atendidas pelo sistema de saúde, nota-se que é maior em São Paulo a proporção das mães que iniciam a amamentação e a prevalência de amamentados. A duração média do aleitamento materno total (AM) e quase exclusivo (AE) é respectivamente de 127,5 e 66,6 dias em São Paulo. Em Recife, 104,4 e 31,7 dias, respectivamente, para AM e AE. Estudaram-se também os dados de amamentação conforme a cor da pele da mãe, concluindo que se amamenta mais em São Paulo do que em Recife, significativamente entre brancas. O aleitamento materno quase exclusivo é praticado mais em São Paulo do que em Recife, por brancas e pardas. Observando-se os grupos étnicos em cada uma das cidades, notou-se que são as mulheres não-brancas (pretas e pardas) aquelas que amamentam mais, sendo particularmente baixo o aleitamento quase exclusivo em Recife, maior entre as pretas (34,5 dias de mediana de AE) comparado a 15,3 dias entre brancas e 16,7 entre pardas. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de se elaborar desenhos de pesquisa que levem em conta a questão da etnia e a amamentação, questão não respondida pela literatura em nível mundial