The Association Between Poverty and Access to Mental Health Treatment Among Children, Ages 3-17, in the United States, (NSCH 2017)

INTRODUCTION: Mental health disorders affect an individual’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being and affects 13-20% of adolescents between the age of 13 to 18. Majority of term mental illnesses start in childhood and adolescent years, with 50% of all lifetime cases starting around age 14 years. Treatment at early ages means decreased risk of long-term problems linked to mental disorders like alcohol and drug abuse. Children living in poverty have a higher risk factor for mental disorders and may also have limited access to quality mental health care. AIM: This study aims to examine the relationship between access to mental healthcare and whether a child lives in an impoverished household using data from the 2017 National Survey of Children’s Heath (NSCH). METHODS: The NSCH is a cross-sectional survey that collects information on the physical and emotional health; parent and neighborhood characteristics of a nationally representative sample of children aged 0-17 years. A total of 58,510 participants were interviewed in the 2017 wave of the survey. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the associations between poverty, mental health treatment, and access to health insurance. RESULTS: There were a total of 2723 total children averaging 11 years were included in this analysis, 14.4% of which did not have access to mental health. Approximately 52% of children were male, and majority were white (77.3%). Roughly 15% of the children lived in poor households with income below the 100% federal poverty level (FPL). Seeking a mental health professional for treatment was significantly associated with race, education of caretaker, insurance status, and federal poverty level. After adjusting for all factors, children who lived in households below 100% FPL were significantly more likely to report not having access to mental healthcare that was needed (OR=2.235, 95% CI:1.564, 3.192). DISCUSSION: The results suggest that there is a strong association between child poverty and lack of access to needed mental health. There is a need for interventions to improve access to mental health care services for children from poor households in order to prevent further complications, and other long-term health problems including caretaker education and decreased stigma surrounding the topic of childhood mental illness. Further research can also help identify other factors that impact childhood mental disorders and disparities in access to treatment among underrepresented populations as well as create a more generalizable study through the use of other survey methods and a more diverse group of children

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMNT DIVISION (STAD) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN IPS KELAS IV SDN BIBIS TANDES SURABAYA

Abstrak: Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui rendahnya hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPS. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan ketidaktepatan model pembelajaran yang digunakan guru dalam proses pembelajaran. Dalam hal ini, guru langsung meminta siswa untuk membuka buku paket IPS, pembelajaran masih berpusat pada guru, dan siswa sebagai penerima informasi (pasif). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan aktivitas guru, murid dan hasil belajar siswa selama proses pembelajaran IPS dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah 40 siswa dengan perincian 21 siswa perempuan dan 19 siswa laki-laki. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan lembar observasi dan lembar tes. Teknik analisis dapat menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas guru mengalami peningkatan selama dua siklus. Siklus pertama memperoleh sebesar 73,2% dan siklus kedua memperoleh sebesar 92,9%. Pada siklus pertama persentase aktivitas siswa sebesar 70% dan pada siklus kedua persentase aktivitas siswa juga menunjukkan kemajuan sebesar 92,5%. Persentase ketuntasan klasikal siswa pada siklus I sebesar 72,5% dan persentase ketuntasan klasikal siswa pada siklus II sebesar 90%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Bibis Tandes Surabaya. Kata Kunci: IPS, Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD, Hasil Belajar Siswa.   Abstract: The background of this research is to investigate the low student achievement in social studies. This may be due to inaccuracies learning model used by teachers in the learning process. In this case, the teacher asked students to directly open textbooks IPS, still teacher-centered learning, and students as recipients of information (passive). The purpose of this study is to describe the activities of teachers, pupils and students during the learning process by implementing IPS STAD cooperative learning model.This study uses Classroom Action Research (CAR). Subjects of this study were 40 students, comprising 21 female students and 19 male students. Research instruments using observation sheets and test sheets. Analysis techniques can use descriptive quantitative and qualitative description. Results of this study showed that activity increased teacher for two cycles. The first cycle obtained for 73.2% and the second cycle was 92.9% gain. In the first cycle the percentage of student activity by 70% and the percentage of activity in the second cycle students also showed progress of 92.5%. Classical completeness percentage of students in the first cycle was 72.5% and the percentage of classical completeness students in the second cycle by 90%. Based on these results, the authors concluded that the implementation of STAD cooperative learning model to improve learning outcomes Elementary School fourth grade students Bibis Tandes Surabaya. Keywords: IPS, Model Type STAD Cooperative Learning, Student Learning Outcomes

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Student Teams Achievemnt Division (Stad) Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pembelajaran IPS Kelas IV Sdn Bibis Tandes Surabaya

Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui rendahnya hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPS. Hal ini mungkin dikarenakan ketidaktepatan model pembelajaran yang digunakan guru dalam proses pembelajaran. Dalam hal ini, guru langsung meminta siswa untuk membuka buku paket IPS, pembelajaran masih berpusat pada guru, dan siswa sebagai penerima informasi (pasif). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan aktivitas guru, murid dan hasil belajar siswa selama proses pembelajaran IPS dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah 40 siswa dengan perincian 21 siswa perempuan dan 19 siswa laki-laki. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan lembar observasi dan lembar tes. Teknik analisis dapat menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas guru mengalami peningkatan selama dua siklus. Siklus pertama memperoleh sebesar 73,2% dan siklus kedua memperoleh sebesar 92,9%. Pada siklus pertama persentase aktivitas siswa sebesar 70% dan pada siklus kedua persentase aktivitas siswa juga menunjukkan kemajuan sebesar 92,5%. Persentase ketuntasan klasikal siswa pada siklus I sebesar 72,5% dan persentase ketuntasan klasikal siswa pada siklus II sebesar 90%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe STAD dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Bibis Tandes Surabaya

Reliability, Availability and Maintainability Analysis for Main Oil Line Pump by Dominant Failure Modes

A good maintenance strategy requires a good reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) analysis in order to cater the real problem to specific equipment or a system. Resolving the real problem will improve the equipment reliability to ensure higher availability of the system to operate. In this project, 2 units of main oil line (MOL) pumps of a crude oil transfer system were selected for RAM analysis. The analysis was carried out based on individual dominant failure modes that contributed to failures of the pumps which involve data of time-to-failure and time-to-repair. Reliability and maintainability analysis was carried out with the aid of Reliasoft Weibull++ software to obtain the required parameters. ReliaSoft BlockSim software was used for reliability block diagram (RBD) construction and simulation to obtain the availability of the whole system by assessing individual failure modes. External leakage – process medium was found to be the most critical failure mode which was a failure contributed by mechanical seal malfunction

Epidural Blood Patches in a Patient With Multi-level Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage That Was Induced by Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is considered to be a very rare disorder. It is characterized by an orthostatic headache that is aggravated with the patient in the upright position and it is relieved by the patient assuming the supine position. SIH is caused by a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leakage without the patient having undergone trauma, surgery or dural puncture or having any other significant medical history. An autologous epidural blood patch (EBP) is effective in relieving SIH. We report here on a case of SIH with cerebrospinal fluid leakage at the upper cervical vertebral level and the middle thoracic vertebral level. The points of leakage were identified by radionuclide cisternography, and this patient was successfully managed by injecting an EBP at each level of leakage

Reversal in the Diameter of the Superior Ophthalmic Vein after an Epidural Blood Patch in a Case of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is caused by single or multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks in the spine with the prototypical symptom of postural headache. One of the characteristic MRI features in SIH is intracranial venous engorgement. This report presents a case of SIH with engorgement of the bilateral superior ophthalmic veins (SOVs) which resume their normal diameters by the third day of successful epidural blood patches (EBPs). We define this phenomenon as the "reversal of the SOV" sign

Implementation of aNear-peer Mentoring program between a high school technology class and a university senior design engineering class

Near-peer mentoring has been shown to result in improvements in student academic engagement and achievement in STEM fields due to the synergy between mentors and mentees. This paper discusses the elements of a program established between Independence High school (IHS) students in San Jose, CA and San Jose State University (SJSU) Mechanical Engineering students to expand hands-on education and to encourage a STEM pathway for technical education of both the IHS and SJSU students. This paper outlines an informal program where technically inclined high school students who are drawn to automotive technology work with SJSU seniors working on their senior design projects to design, build and test a mechanical device, tool, or machine having a useful purpose. This is the fourth year of collaboration, which focuses on automotive and transportation technology. Although numbers are too small for formal assessment, experience has shown that numerous high school students have applied to schools of higher education, and several have specifically enrolled in SJSU. Additionally, the SJSU students have benefitted from the direct hands-on help building their projects and the opportunity to teach younger students

Neuronal Correlates of Perceptual Salience in Local Field Potentials in the Primary Visual Cortex

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

The impact of different perspectives on the cost-effectiveness of remote patient monitoring for patients with heart failure in different European countries

Background and objective: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome with high mortality and hospitalization rates. Non-invasive remote patient monitoring (RPM) interventions have the potential to prevent disease worsening. However, the long-term cost-effectiveness of RPM remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of RPM in the Netherlands (NL), the United Kingdom (UK), and Germany (DE) highlighting the differences between cost-effectiveness from a societal and healthcare perspective. Methods: We developed a Markov model with a lifetime horizon to assess the cost-effectiveness of RPM compared with usual care. We included HF-related hospitalization and non-hospitalization costs, intervention costs, other medical costs, informal care costs, and costs of non-medical consumption. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis and scenario analyses were performed. Results: RPM led to reductions in HF-related hospitalization costs, but total lifetime costs were higher in all three countries compared to usual care. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), from a societal perspective, were €27,921, €32,263, and €35,258 in NL, UK, and DE respectively. The lower ICER in the Netherlands was mainly explained by lower costs of non-medical consumption and HF-related costs outside of the hospital. ICERs, from a healthcare perspective, were €12,977, €11,432, and €11,546 in NL, the UK, and DE, respectively. The ICER was most sensitive to the effectiveness of RPM and utility values. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that RPM for HF can be cost-effective from both healthcare and societal perspective. Including costs of living longer, such as informal care and non-medical consumption during life years gained, increased the ICER.</p

Advanced paternal age is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Iranians

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Since 1958 many, but not all studies have demonstrated that paternal age is a risk factor for schizophrenia. There may be many different explanations for differences between studies, including study design, sample size, collection criteria, heterogeneity and the confounding effects of environmental factors that can for example perturb epigenetic programming and lead to an increase in disease risk. The small number of children in Western families makes risk comparisons between siblings born at different paternal ages difficult. In contrast, more Eastern families have children both at early and later periods of life. In the present study, a cross-sectional population study in an Iranian population was performed to compare frequency of schizophrenia in younger offspring (that is, older paternal age) versus older offspring.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 220 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia (cases) from both psychiatric hospitals and private clinics and 220 individuals from other hospital wards (controls), matched for sex and age were recruited for this study. Patients with neurological problem, substance abuse, mental retardation and mood disorder were excluded from both groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Birth rank comparisons revealed that 35% vs 24% of the cases vs the controls were in the third or upper birth rank (<it>P </it>= 0.01). Also, the mean age of fathers at birth in case group (30 ± 6.26 years) was significantly more than the control group (26.45 ± 5.64 years; <it>P </it>= 0.0001). The age of 76 fathers at birth in case group was over 32 versus 33 fathers in control group. Individuals whose fathers' age was more than 32 (at birth) were at higher risk (2.77 times) for schizophrenia versus others (<it>P </it>< 0.0001, 95% CI 1.80 to 4.27). The maternal age at parturition of the case versus controls groups was 26.1 ± 5.41 vs 25.07 ± 4.47 (<it>P </it>= 0.02). Logistic regression analysis suggests that maternal age is less likely to be involved in the higher risk of schizophrenia than advanced parental age.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study demonstrates a relationship between paternal age and schizophrenia in large families of an Iranian population. Arguments have been put forth that DNA bases changes or epigenetic changes in sperm account for the increased risk associated with older fathers. However, it would not be surprising that both <it>de novo </it>germline mutations and epigenetic changes contribute to disease occurrence because DNA replication and DNA methylation are closely linked at both the macromolecular level (that is, methylation closely follows replication), and at the metabolic level (both processes require folate), and susceptible to modulation by the environment. Further research on samples such as those collected here are needed to sort out the contributions of de novo mutations versus epigenetic changes to schizophrenia.</p