Emotions and Media: Emotional Regime and Emotional Factors of Selective Exposure

The central objective of this research is to describe the role of emotions in their interaction with the media. It examines how selective exposure to the media is linked to how political emotions influence this process. The research reveals an emotional fracture in media consumers through anger. It is also observed that positive emotions towards leaders and political parties are activated in like-minded media consumers, whereas negative emotions arise when interacting with oppositely oriented media. The importance of positive emotions such as hope and their contrast with negative aversive emotions is highlighted. This study shows how political emotions influence the interaction between citizens and the media. The findings highlight the relevance of emotions in the formation of political attitudes and the configuration of media preferences, contributing to the discussion on the relationship between the media and emotions in contemporary society.S

Geology and ore deposits of the epithermal au and porphyry cu mineralized zone, Northern Peru

Perú es uno de los principales países mineros del mundo, productor mundial de plata, estaño, plomo, zinc, cobre, oro, bismuto y molibdeno, ocupando los puestos segundos a quinto en producción, y productor de metales de tierras raras como el telurio y el selenio (Tabla 1). El sector minero creció a una tasa media anual del 9,26% entre 1994 y 2005, mientras que la economía peruana creció a una tasa media anual del 4,51% durante el mismo periodo, representando la mitad de las exportaciones del país (Ministerio de Comercio Exterior, 2006). El cobre, el oro y el zinc fueron los principales minerales de exportación, con Southem Perú (2.210 millones de dólares; 12,5% de las exportaciones totales de Perú), Antimina (1.853 millones; 12. 5% de las exportaciones totales) y Antamina (1.670 millones de dólares; 981 millones) son las dos mayores mineras de cobre de Perú, y todos los 10 principales exportadores de Perú son empresas de recursos (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y Comercio Exterior, 2006). Los yacimientos de oro se concentran en las regiones norte-centro y sur, mientras que los de zinc se concentran en el centro del país (Figura 1). Las mayores minas de oro del mundo son las de Yanacocha y Alto Chicama, en la región norte, mientras que las de cobre se encuentran en la región sur, entre ellas la mina Las Bambas y la mina Antamina. Las minas de zinc incluyen la mina Antamina y la mina Las Bambas en la región sur (Gram 1). Los principales proyectos mineros en Perú desde 2005 y sus costes de inversión se muestran en la Tabla 2. Algunos de ellos aún están en fase de tramitación. Entre las empresas mineras extranjeras en Perú se encuentran las canadienses Noranda, Barrick Gold, Nεwmont, Teck-Cominco y Cambior; las estadounidenses Phelps Dodge y Anglo Gold; la británica BHP-Billiton; las mexicanas Grupo México y Peñoles; y las japonesas Mitsui y Mitsubishi. Perú es el quinto mayor inversor minero del mundo, con inversiones por valor de 375 millones de dólares en 2006. El estudio se llevó a cabo en las regiones de Ancash y La Libertad, en el norte de Perú, donde se localizan yacimientos de pórfidos de cobre y depósitos hidrotermales de oro

Monarchy and emotions: the temporal factor in the institutional and personal assessment of the Emeritus king in Spain

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las posibles diferencias en la valoración actual del rey Emérito, Juan Carlos I, y explicarlas a través de una lectura emocional. Mediante el uso de técnicas cuantitativas, entre los hallazgos se muestra, por un lado, un salto generacional diferencial en la valoración del rey Emérito, y por otro, un desarrollo emocional diferente hacia el rey Emérito según se referencie su papel en la transición o la actualidad. La valoración del ex jefe de Estado es explicada únicamente a través de emociones positivas hacia el rey Emérito cuando estas se ciñen a la transición, mientras su valoración mediante emociones actuales conjuga emociones positivas y negativas.This article aims to analyze the possible differences in the current assessment of the emeritus king, Juan Carlos I, and explain them through an emotional reading. Through the use of quantitative techniques, the findings show, on the one hand, a differential generational jump in the assessment of the king emeritus, and on the other, a different emotional development towards the king emeritus depending on his role in the transition or the present. The assessment of the former head of state is explained only through positive emotions towards the king emeritus when these are limited to the transition, while his assessment through current emotions combines positive and negative emotionsS

Emociones y extrema derecha: el caso de VOX en Andalucía

España ya no es la excepción del contexto europeo. La incorporación de VOX al sistema de partidos andaluz, primero, y después al español, representa el inicio de una nueva etapa política. Más allá de una lectura simplista sobre la extrema derecha, el objetivo de este artículo es establecer un perfil emocional que caracterice al votante de dicha formación política en contraposición a las restantes, y el de arrojar luz sobre las claves de la aparición de esta nueva fuerza política. Con la finalidad de analizar su irrupción, el presente artículo pretende construir un modelo estructural (SEM) que describa y explique los impactos y efectos de cada uno de los elementos que han estructurado el comportamiento político y la elección de voto a VOX.S

The Vaginal Microbiome: Disease, Genetics and the Environment

The vagina is an interactive interface between the host and the environment. Its surface is covered by a protective epithelium colonized by bacteria and other microorganisms. The ectocervix is nonsterile, whereas the endocervix and the upper genital tract are assumed to be sterile in healthy women. Therefore, the cervix serves a pivotal role as a gatekeeper to protect the upper genital tract from microbial invasion and subsequent reproductive pathology. Microorganisms that cross this barrier can cause preterm labor, pelvic inflammatory disease, and other gynecologic and reproductive disorders. Homeostasis of the microbiome in the vagina and ectocervix plays a paramount role in reproductive health. Depending on its composition, the microbiome may protect the vagina from infectious or non-infectious diseases, or it may enhance its susceptibility to them. Because of the nature of this organ, and the fact that it is continuously colonized by bacteria from birth to death, it is virtually certain that this rich environment evolved in concert with its microbial flora. Specific interactions dictated by the genetics of both the host and microbes are likely responsible for maintaining both the environment and the microbiome. However, the genetic basis of these interactions in both the host and the bacterial colonizers is currently unknown. _Lactobacillus_ species are associated with vaginal health, but the role of these species in the maintenance of health is not yet well defined. Similarly, other species, including those representing minor components of the overall flora, undoubtedly influence the ability of potential pathogens to thrive and cause disease. Gross alterations in the vaginal microbiome are frequently observed in women with bacterial vaginosis, but the exact etiology of this disorder is still unknown. There are also implications for vaginal flora in non-infectious conditions such as pregnancy, pre-term labor and birth, and possibly fertility and other aspects of women’s health. Conversely, the role of environmental factors in the maintenance of a healthy vaginal microbiome is largely unknown. To explore these issues, we have proposed to address the following questions:

*1.	Do the genes of the host contribute to the composition of the vaginal microbiome?* We hypothesize that genes of both host and bacteria have important impacts on the vaginal microbiome. We are addressing this question by examining the vaginal microbiomes of mono- and dizygotic twin pairs selected from the over 170,000 twin pairs in the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry (MATR). Subsequent studies, beyond the scope of the current project, may investigate which host genes impact the microbial flora and how they do so.
*2.	What changes in the microbiome are associated with common non-infectious pathological states of the host?* We hypothesize that altered physiological (e.g., pregnancy) and pathologic (e.g., immune suppression) conditions, or environmental exposures (e.g., antibiotics) predictably alter the vaginal microbiome. Conversely, certain vaginal microbiome characteristics are thought to contribute to a woman’s risk for outcomes such as preterm delivery. We are addressing this question by recruiting study participants from the ~40,000 annual clinical visits to women’s clinics of the VCU Health System.
*3.	What changes in the vaginal microbiome are associated with relevant infectious diseases and conditions?* We hypothesize that susceptibility to infectious disease (e.g. HPV, _Chlamydia_ infection, vaginitis, vaginosis, etc.) is impacted by the vaginal microbiome. In turn, these infectious conditions clearly can affect the ability of other bacteria to colonize and cause pathology. Again, we are exploring these issues by recruiting participants from visitors to women’s clinics in the VCU Health System.

Three kinds of sequence data are generated in this project: i) rDNA sequences from vaginal microbes; ii) whole metagenome shotgun sequences from vaginal samples; and iii) whole genome shotgun sequences of bacterial clones selected from vaginal samples. The study includes samples from three vaginal sites: mid-vaginal, cervical, and introital. The data sets also include buccal and perianal samples from all twin participants. Samples from these additional sites are used to test the hypothesis of a per continuum spread of bacteria in relation to vaginal health. An extended set of clinical metadata associated with these sequences are deposited with dbGAP. We have currently collected over 4,400 samples from ~100 twins and over 450 clinical participants. We have analyzed and deposited data for 480 rDNA samples, eight whole metagenome shotgun samples, and over 50 complete bacterial genomes. These data are available to accredited investigators according to NIH and Human Microbiome Project (HMP) guidelines. The bacterial clones are deposited in the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository ("http://www.beiresources.org/":http://www.beiresources.org/). 

In addition to the extensive sequence data obtained in this study, we are collecting metadata associated with each of the study participants. Thus, participants are asked to complete an extensive health history questionnaire at the time samples are collected. Selected clinical data associated with the visit are also obtained, and relevant information is collected from the medical records when available. This data is maintained securely in a HIPAA-compliant data system as required by VCU’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). The preponderance of these data (i.e., that judged appropriate by NIH staff and VCU’s IRB are deposited at dbGAP ("http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap). Selected fields of this data have been identified by NIH staff as ‘too sensitive’ and are not available in dbGAP. Individuals requiring access to these data fields are asked to contact the PI of this project or NIH Program Staff. 
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Using Soil and Water Conservation Contests for Extension: Experiences from the Bolivian Mountain Valleys

Soil and water conservation (SWC) contests among farmer groups were organized in five rural villages in the Bolivian mountain valleys. The contests were aimed at quickly achieving widespread sustainable results. This article analyzes the effectiveness of these contests as an extension tool. Mixed results were obtained. In three villages, participation rates in the SWC activities introduced in the contests were still high even 2 years after project withdrawal. These were all villages where a solid foundation for sustainable development had been laid before the contests were held. Two years later, most families were still involved in maintenance of the SWC practices introduced in the contests, and many farmers had started to experiment with different soil management practices. However, replications of these SWC practices were not widespread, Conservation Leaders did not continue with their training activities, and the quality of maintenance of the practices was often not satisfactory. In order to become a more effective extension tool and achieve widespread impact, SWC contests must receive continued support by a catalyst agency. Moreover, other SWC contests should also be organized in which practices are not predefined. Given that SWC contests are a low-budget extension tool, local municipalities could become more actively involved

Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Previously Treated With Sorafenib The CheckMate 040 Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed with advanced disease not eligible for potentially curative therapies; therefore, new treatment options are needed. Combining nivolumab with ipilimumab may improve clinical outcomes compared with nivolumab monotherapy. OBJECTIVE To assess efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced HCC who were previously treated with sorafenib. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS CheckMate 040 is a multicenter, open-label, multicohort, phase 1/2 study. In the nivolumab plus ipilimumab cohort, patients were randomized between January 4 and September 26, 2016. Treatment group information was blinded after randomization. Median follow-up was 30.7 months. Data cutoff for this analysis was January 2019. Patients were recruited at 31 centers in 10 countries/territories in Asia, Europe, and North America. Eligible patients had advanced HCC (with/without hepatitis B or C) previously treated with sorafenib. A total of 148 patients were randomized (50 to arm A and 49 each to arms B and C). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to either nivolumab 1 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg, administered every 3 weeks (4 doses), followed by nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks (arm A); nivolumab 3 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg, administered every 3 weeks (4 doses), followed by nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks (arm B); or nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 weeks (arm C). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Coprimary end points were safety, tolerability, and objective response rate. Duration of response was also measured (investigator assessed with the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1). RESULTS Of 148 total participants, 120 were male (81%). Median (IQR) age was 60 (52.5-66.5). At data cutoff (January 2019), the median follow-up was 30.7 months (IQR, 29.9-34.7). Investigator-assessed objective response rate was 32% (95% CI, 20%-47%) in arm A, 27% (95% CI, 15%-41%) in arm B, and 29% (95% CI, 17%-43%) in arm C. Median (range) duration of response was not reached (8.3-33.7+) in arm A and was 15.2 months (4.2-29.9+) in arm B and 21.7 months (2.8-32.7+) in arm C. Any-grade treatment-related adverse events were reported in 46 of 49 patients (94%) in arm A, 35 of 49 patients (71%) in arm B, and 38 of 48 patients (79%) in arm C; there was 1 treatment-related death (arm A; grade 5 pneumonitis). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, nivolumab plus ipilimumab had manageable safety, promising objective response rate, and durable responses. The arm A regimen (4 doses nivolumab 1 mg/kg plus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg every 3 weeks then nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks) received accelerated approval in the US based on the results of this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0165887

Evolutionary Descent of Prion Genes from the ZIP Family of Metal Ion Transporters

In the more than twenty years since its discovery, both the phylogenetic origin and cellular function of the prion protein (PrP) have remained enigmatic. Insights into a possible function of PrP may be obtained through the characterization of its molecular neighborhood in cells. Quantitative interactome data demonstrated the spatial proximity of two metal ion transporters of the ZIP family, ZIP6 and ZIP10, to mammalian prion proteins in vivo. A subsequent bioinformatic analysis revealed the unexpected presence of a PrP-like amino acid sequence within the N-terminal, extracellular domain of a distinct sub-branch of the ZIP protein family that includes ZIP5, ZIP6 and ZIP10. Additional structural threading and orthologous sequence alignment analyses argued that the prion gene family is phylogenetically derived from a ZIP-like ancestral molecule. The level of sequence homology and the presence of prion protein genes in most chordate species place the split from the ZIP-like ancestor gene at the base of the chordate lineage. This relationship explains structural and functional features found within mammalian prion proteins as elements of an ancient involvement in the transmembrane transport of divalent cations. The phylogenetic and spatial connection to ZIP proteins is expected to open new avenues of research to elucidate the biology of the prion protein in health and disease

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of osteosarcoma in young children: a retrospective series of 15 cases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in childhood and adolescence. However, it is very rare in children under 5 years of age. Although studies in young children are limited in number, they all underline the high rate of amputation in this population, with conflicting results being recently reported regarding their prognosis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To enhance knowledge on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of osteosarcoma in young children, we reviewed the medical records and histology of all children diagnosed with osteosarcoma before the age of five years and treated in SFCE (Société Française des Cancers et leucémies de l'Enfant) centers between 1980 and 2007.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fifteen patients from 7 centers were studied. Long bones were involved in 14 cases. Metastases were present at diagnosis in 40% of cases. The histologic type was osteoblastic in 74% of cases. Two patients had a relevant history. One child developed a second malignancy 13 years after osteosarcoma diagnosis.</p> <p>Thirteen children received preoperative chemotherapy including high-dose methotrexate, but only 36% had a good histologic response. Chemotherapy was well tolerated, apart from a case of severe late convulsive encephalopathy in a one-year-old infant. Limb salvage surgery was performed in six cases, with frequent mechanical and infectious complications and variable functional outcomes.</p> <p>Complete remission was obtained in 12 children, six of whom relapsed. With a median follow-up of 5 years, six patients were alive in remission, seven died of their disease (45%), in a broad range of 2 months to 8 years after diagnosis, two were lost to follow-up.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Osteosarcoma seems to be more aggressive in children under five years of age, and surgical management remains a challange.</p