Salient Objects in Clutter: Bringing Salient Object Detection to the Foreground

We provide a comprehensive evaluation of salient object detection (SOD) models. Our analysis identifies a serious design bias of existing SOD datasets which assumes that each image contains at least one clearly outstanding salient object in low clutter. The design bias has led to a saturated high performance for state-of-the-art SOD models when evaluated on existing datasets. The models, however, still perform far from being satisfactory when applied to real-world daily scenes. Based on our analyses, we first identify 7 crucial aspects that a comprehensive and balanced dataset should fulfill. Then, we propose a new high quality dataset and update the previous saliency benchmark. Specifically, our SOC (Salient Objects in Clutter) dataset, includes images with salient and non-salient objects from daily object categories. Beyond object category annotations, each salient image is accompanied by attributes that reflect common challenges in real-world scenes. Finally, we report attribute-based performance assessment on our dataset.Comment: ECCV 201

Thermal stress-induced charge and structure heterogeneity in emerging cathode materials

Nickel-rich layered oxide cathode materials are attractive near-term candidates for boosting the energy density of next generation lithium-ion batteries. The practical implementation of these materials is, however, hindered by unsatisfactory capacity retention, poor thermal stability, and oxygen release as a consequence of structural decomposition, which may have serious safety consequences. The undesired side reactions are often exothermic, causing complicated electro-chemo-mechanical interplay at elevated temperatures. In this work, we explore the effects of thermal exposure on chemically delithiated LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC-811) at a practical state-of-charge (50% Li content) and an over-charged state (25% Li content). A systematic study using a suite of advanced synchrotron radiation characterization tools reveals the dynamics of thermal behavior of the charged NMC-811, which involves sophisticated structural and chemical evolution; e.g. lattice phase transformation, transition metal (TM) cation migration and valence change, and lithium redistribution. These intertwined processes exhibit a complex 3D spatial heterogeneity and, collectively, form a valence state gradient throughout the particles. Our study sheds light on the response of NMC-811 to elevated temperature and highlights the importance of the cathode's thermal robustness for battery performance and safety

Movement as Translation: Dancers in Dialogue

This chapter explores the creative process of translating a series of images into a live artwork, performed by two professional dancers. The process is documented in an introduction written by the artist and a transcribed conversation between the visual artist and dancers. These provide an insight into intersemiotic translation from the perspective of the makers and performers. Including first hand experiences of those translating and performing the material, the descriptions probe the process of translation that incorporates collaboration, embodiment and improvisation

Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source computed tomography in the detection of coronary chronic total occlusion: Comparison with invasive angiography

The present study is designed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dual-source computed tomography (CT) in the detection of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). Dual-source CT diagnosed 149 patients with 258 significant coronary artery lesions including CTOs. The diagnosis was redecided by subsequent invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Eighty seven CTOs were finally identified by ICA. Dual-source CT correctly detected 84 of these 87 occlusions, but falsely diagnosed 9 severe stenosis lesions as CTOs. Calcification had an influence on the accuracy of CTO detection. Our findings indicated that dual-source CT had a good ability to detect CTOs, in spite of a slight bias towards overestimating the stenosis degree, especially when there was severe calcification.Key words: Dual-source computed tomography, invasive coronary angiography, coronary chronic total occlusion

Hybrid simulations of positively and negatively charged pickup ions and cyclotron wave generation at Europa

In the vicinity of Europa, Galileo observed bursty Alfvén-cyclotron wave power at thegyrofrequencies of a number of species including K+,O+2,Na+, and Cl+, indicating the localized pickupof these species. Additional evidence for the presence of chlorine was the occurrence of both left-hand(LH) and right-hand (RH) polarized transverse wave power near the Cl+gyrofrequency, thought to bedue to the pickup of both Cl+and the easily formed chlorine anion, Cl−. To test this hypothesis, we useone-dimensional hybrid (kinetic ion, massless fluid electron) simulations for both positive and negativepickup ions and self-consistently reproduce the growth of both LH and RH Alfvén-cyclotron waves inagreement with linear theory. We show how the simultaneous generation of LH and RH waves can result innongyrotropic ion distributions and increased wave amplitudes, and how even trace quantities of negativepickup ions are able to generate an observable RH signal. Through comparing simulated and observed waveamplitudes, we are able to place the first constraints on the densities of Chlorine pickup ions in localizedregions at Europa

An atlas of mitochondrial DNA genotype-phenotype associations in the UK Biobank.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in common diseases has been underexplored, partly due to a lack of genotype calling and quality-control procedures. Developing an at-scale workflow for mtDNA variant analyses, we show correlations between nuclear and mitochondrial genomic structures within subpopulations of Great Britain and establish a UK Biobank reference atlas of mtDNA-phenotype associations. A total of 260 mtDNA-phenotype associations were new (P T (MT-ATP6) with type 2 diabetes, rs878966690 /m.13117 A>G (MT-ND5) with multiple sclerosis, 6 mtDNA associations with adult height, 24 mtDNA associations with 2 liver biomarkers and 16 mtDNA associations with parameters of renal function. Rare-variant gene-based tests implicated complex I genes modulating mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Seven traits had both rare and common mtDNA associations, where rare variants tended to have larger effects than common variants. Our work illustrates the value of studying mtDNA variants in common complex diseases and lays foundations for future large-scale mtDNA association studies

Weakly- and Semi-Supervised Panoptic Segmentation

We present a weakly supervised model that jointly performs both semantic- and instance-segmentation -- a particularly relevant problem given the substantial cost of obtaining pixel-perfect annotation for these tasks. In contrast to many popular instance segmentation approaches based on object detectors, our method does not predict any overlapping instances. Moreover, we are able to segment both "thing" and "stuff" classes, and thus explain all the pixels in the image. "Thing" classes are weakly-supervised with bounding boxes, and "stuff" with image-level tags. We obtain state-of-the-art results on Pascal VOC, for both full and weak supervision (which achieves about 95% of fully-supervised performance). Furthermore, we present the first weakly-supervised results on Cityscapes for both semantic- and instance-segmentation. Finally, we use our weakly supervised framework to analyse the relationship between annotation quality and predictive performance, which is of interest to dataset creators.Comment: ECCV 2018. The first two authors contributed equall

Monitoring Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Intermediates of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides via Operando Raman Spectroscopy

© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim A deeper understanding of the water-splitting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) mechanism during photocatalytic processes is crucial for the rational design of efficient photocatalysts. In particular, the HER mechanism promoted by multielement hybrid structures remains extremely challenging and elusive. Herein, an in situ photoelectrochemical/Raman measurement system is employed to monitor the HER mechanism of hybrid nanostructures under realistic working conditions via operando Raman spectra and linear-sweep voltammetry curves. As a proof of concept, tunable composition transition metal dichalcogenides MoS2xSe2(1−x) nanosheets are used as a model photocatalyst to unveil the corresponding photocatalytic mechanism. The spectroscopic studies reveal that hydrogen atoms can be adsorbed to active sulfur and selenium atoms via intermediate species formed during the photocatalytic process. More importantly, the studies demonstrate that an exponential relationship exists between the number of reactive electrons and the Raman intensity of intermediate species, which can serve as a guideline to directly evaluate the HER performance in photocatalysts by comparing the Raman intensities of the intermediate species. As a simple, intuitive, and general analytical method, the designed operando Raman measurement approach provides a new tool for elucidating catalytic reaction mechanisms in a realistic and complex environment; and strategically improving H2 production performance of multielement photocatalysts

Metal-insulator transition in vanadium dioxide nanobeams: probing sub-domain properties of strongly correlated materials

Many strongly correlated electronic materials, including high-temperature superconductors, colossal magnetoresistance and metal-insulator-transition (MIT) materials, are inhomogeneous on a microscopic scale as a result of domain structure or compositional variations. An important potential advantage of nanoscale samples is that they exhibit the homogeneous properties, which can differ greatly from those of the bulk. We demonstrate this principle using vanadium dioxide, which has domain structure associated with its dramatic MIT at 68 degrees C. Our studies of single-domain vanadium dioxide nanobeams reveal new aspects of this famous MIT, including supercooling of the metallic phase by 50 degrees C; an activation energy in the insulating phase consistent with the optical gap; and a connection between the transition and the equilibrium carrier density in the insulating phase. Our devices also provide a nanomechanical method of determining the transition temperature, enable measurements on individual metal-insulator interphase walls, and allow general investigations of a phase transition in quasi-one-dimensional geometry.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, original submitted in June 200

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSANI) caused by a novel mutation in SPTLC2.

To describe the clinical and neurophysiologic phenotype of a family with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSANI) due to a novel mutation in SPTLC2 and to characterize the biochemical properties of this mutation