Effect of fortifying amaranth diets with amino acids, casein and ethylene diamine tetra acetate on broiler performance, amino acid availability and mineral utilisation

Two feeding trials with broilers (1-31 days of age) were carried out to determine the effect of fortifying grain amaranth based diets with lysine, methionine, casein and ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) on broiler performance, amino acid availability, plasma amino acid concentrations and nitrogen and mineral retention. In Trial 1, lysine, lysine plus methionine and casein were separately included in six diets containing either 400 g/kg raw or 600 g/kg extruded amaranth. Additionally, one 400 g/kg raw and one 600 g/kg extruded amaranth diets were not fortified. The eight diets were compared to a maize-soyabean meal diet as the control. Chicks on the 600 g/kg extruded amaranth diet with casein gave similar body weights at 31 days of age to those on the control diet. Feed intake and nitrogen retention were similar in the control and the extruded amaranth diets. The availability of amino acids was the highest in the chicks on the control diet. The lack of response to lysine, or lysine and methionine inclusions indicated that these amino acids were not limiting to growth in amaranth diets. In Trial 2, three diets contained 400 g/kg raw amaranth, and another three, 400 g/kg extruded amaranth. Two diets in each group were fortified with either disodium EDTA or casein, while the third was unfortified. Casein inclusion resulted in higher body weights at 31 days of age, but did not affect the plasma concentration of essential amino acids. Dietary EDTA did not enhance mineral retention in the body or the concentration of minerals in plasma. It was evident from both trials that the fortification of amaranth diets with casein improved chick performance and the availability of some amino acids. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.32(2) 2002: 144-15

Evaluation of maize and forage sorghum silage using Boran steers

Digestion and feeding trails were conducted to evaluate maize and forage sorghum silages in terms of chemical composition, digestibility and animal performance. A digestion trail, using six steers was conducted and treatments were: (1) maize silage; (2) forage sorghum silage. Feed intake and water intake were measured. A feeding trails using 27 forage sorghum silage. Twelve steers were allocated to treatment one while the rest were allocated to treatment two. Feed intake and weight gains were measured. Feed, weigh back, faeces and urine samples were chemically analysed using methods by AOAC (1975) and Van Soest (1963). Feed intake and digestibility coefficients data were subjected to analysis of variance. Student ‘t’ test was used to compare the means of feed chemical composition and animal performance. Dry matter content (30.65%; 34.75%), Crude protein (7.16%; 6.99%), Ether extract (4.47%; 3.86%), ASH (9.78; 9.23%) and gross energy in Kcal/g (DM) (4.07; 4.16) were not different (P<. 05) in maize and forage sorghum silages respectively. The fibrous components were lower (P<. 01) in maize silage than in forage sorghum silage, i.e. Crude fiber (29.25%; 38.05%), Cell wall content (54.49%; 68.99%), Acid detergent fiber (37.52%; 48.65%) and Acid detergent lignin (3.88; 5.95%) respectively. Silage juice for pH determination was squeezed out using cheese cloth. The pH in Maize and forage sorghum silages were 4.04 and 4.21 respectively. Maize silage was higher (p<. 05) in digestibilities of dry matter and energy than forage sorghum silage. Digestibilities of crude fiber, cell wall content and acid detergent fiber were higher (P<0.01) in maize silage than in forage sorghum silage. The lower digestibility of forage sorghum silage may have been due to its higher lignin content. Crude protein digestibility for maize (34.17% and forage sorghum silage (28.17%) were not different (P<0.05). Whole grain kernels were isolated from the silages as fed and also from faeces samples. Maize silage grain kernels were more digestible than forage sorghum silage whole grain kernels. In the digestion trial, forage sorghum dry matter intake (69.76 g/w0.75) was higher (P<0.05) than for maize silage (60.20g/w0.75). The difference in dry matter intake may have been due to difference in dry matter content of the silages. In the feeding trail the dry matter intake for maize silage (79.37 g/w0.75) and for forage sorghum silage (82.17 g/w0.75) were not different (p<.05). The average dry matter intake was higher in the feeding trial than in the digestion trail. The may have been due to group feeding effect in the feeding trail. Confinement in the digestion trail may also have caused stress, which may have lowered the feed intake. Steers on forage sorghum silage had higher (P<0.05) weight gains than those on maize silage. The steers used in the trial were brought from range areas and they were in poor condition. Their poor condition prior to the trial period and inexposure to silage feeding may have contributed to their performance. On average maize and forage sorghum silage maintained the weight of the steers

Report of the Regional Workshop on New and Improved Foods from Sorghum : a food strategy for the semi-arid zones

Meeting: Workshop on New and Improved Foods from Sorghum, 2-5 June 1986, Morogoro, T

Avaliação nutricional da silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de alto ou de baixo conteúdo de tanino para frangos de corte Nutritional evaluation of high moisture sorghum silage grain with high or low tannin content for broilers

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo (SGUS) de alto ou baixo conteúdo de tanino na alimentação de frangos de corte. No ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizadas 90 aves de 20 dias de idade, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos, seis repetições e cinco aves por unidade experimental. Os valores de matéria seca (MSM), matéria orgânica (MOM), proteína (PM), amido (AMM) e energia metabolizáveis (EM) na matéria natural (66,22% de MS para a SGUS de alto tanino e 65,28% para a SGUS de baixo tanino) foram, respectivamente, de 57,29; 56,96; 4,45; 35,27% e 2.408 kcal/kg para a SGUS de alto tanino e de 60,42; 59,95; 5,11; 39,58%; e 2.578 kcal/kg para a SGUS de baixo tanino. No ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizados 840 pintos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e trinta aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração à base de milho e farelo de soja e de seis rações com 33, 66 e 100% de substituição do milho por SGUS de alto ou baixo tanino. A inclusão de níveis crescentes de SGUS com alto tanino piorou linearmente o peso vivo, o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar aos 40 dias de idade, não se observando o mesmo efeito para a SGUS de baixo tanino. As aves que receberam ração com SGUS de alto tanino nos níveis de 66 e 100% de substituição apresentaram, aos 40 dias de idade, menor peso vivo e ganho de peso. Observou-se decréscimo linear na coloração da perna das aves com a inclusão de SGUS nas rações. A silagem de grão úmido de sorgo de alto tanino pode substituir até 33% e a de baixo tanino, até 100% do milho em rações para frangos de corte, sem prejudicar o desempenho e proporcionando menor custo por quilograma de frango produzido.<br>Two trials were carried out to evaluate the moisture sorghum silage (HMSS) with high or low tannin content as ingredient in broiler chicken diets. In the digestibility trial, ninety 20-d chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications, and five chicks per experimental unit. Coefficients of metabolizable dry matter (MDM), metabolizable protein (MP), metabolizable starch (MS), metabolizable organic matter (MOM) and metabolizable energy (ME) of HMSS with high tannin, as-fed basis (66.22%DM), were as follows: 57.29; 56.96; 4.45; 35.27% and 2,408 kcal/kg, respectively. The coefficients of HMSS with low tannin were of 60.42; 59.95; 5.11; 39.58% and 2578 kcal/kg, respectively, as-fed basis (65.28% DM). In the performance assay, eight hundred and forty chicks were assigned to a completely randomized experimental design, with seven treatments, four replications and thirty chicks per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal -based diet and six with 33, 66 and 100% HMSS with high or low content replaced by dry corn. Increasing HMSS levels with high tannin contents in diets caused a linear decrease on weight, weight gain, feed intake at 21 and 40 days old, but this effect was not observed for HMSS of low tannin content. Forty-day-old broilers fed diets with HMSS of high tannin content in 66 and 100% replacement levels showed lower weight and lower weigh gain. However, broilers fed HMSS with low tannin content did not differ from control. Linear decrease on the chicken leg color of was observed when HMSS was included in the diets. Performance results demonstrated that HMSS with high tannin content may replace um 33% of corn and with low tannin HMSS up to 100% of corn in diets of broilers, with no effect on performance and with lower cost per kilogram of produced broiler

Avaliação nutricional da silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo ou de alto conteúdo de tanino para coelhos em crescimento Nutritional evaluation of high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content for growing rabbits

Dois experimentos foram realizados com os objetivos de determinar o valor nutritivo e verificar o desempenho de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com rações isoenergéticas contendo diferentes níveis de silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo ou de alto conteúdo de tanino. No ensaio de digestibilidade (experimento 1), determinou-se o valor nutritivo de silagens de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo e alto conteúdo de tanino. Foram utilizados 30 coelhos (15 machos e 15 fêmeas) da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com média de 55 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e dez repetições. Em cada tratamento, as silagens de grãos avaliadas substituíram 30% de uma ração-referência. Os teores de MS, MO, proteína, amido e energia digestíveis das silagens de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo e alto teores de tanino foram, respectivamente, 62,25 e 62,61%; 91,99 e 89,05%; 9,50 e 7,70%; 66,22 e 65,76%; e 4.285 e 4.116 kcal/kg na MS. No experimento de desempenho, foram avaliadas rações contendo níveis crescentes de silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo e alto conteúdos de tanino (0, 33, 66 e 100%) em substituição ao milho. Foram utilizados 84 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco (42 machos e 42 fêmeas) com idade inicial de 35 dias, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e 12 repetições, no qual a unidade experimental foi constituída de um animal. A análise de variância não comprovou diferenças entre os tratamentos para as características de desempenho, carcaça e custo por quilo de peso vivo ganho de coelhos em crescimento. Silagens de grãos úmidos de sorgo de baixo ou alto teores de tanino apresentam bom valor nutritivo e podem substituir totalmente o milho em rações para coelhos em crescimento.<br>Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritive value and to evaluate the performance of growing rabbits fed on isoenergetic diets containing high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin levels. In the digestibility assay (experiment 1), the nutritive values of silages were determined with 30 New Zealand White rabbits, 15 males and 15 females, 55 days old, allotted in a completely randomized design, with 3 treatments and 10 replications. In each treatment the each sorghum silage replaced 30% basal diet. Values of digestible dry matter, organic matter, protein, starch and energy of high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content were, respectively, on a dry matter basis, 62.25 and 62.61%; 91.99 and 89.05%; 9.50 and 7.70%; 66.22 and 65.76% and, 4,285 and 4,116 kcal/kg. In performance trial diets containing increasing levels of high moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content (0, 33, 66 and 100%) in replacement to corn were used. Eighty four New Zealand White rabbits (42 males and 42 females), 35 days old, were alloted in a completely randomized design, with 7 treatments and 12 replications each. There was no effect on performance, carcass and cost of ration per kilogram live weigh gain of growing rabbits. High moisture sorghum silage grain with low or high tannin content has good nutritive value and may totally replace corn in diets of growing rabbits

Desempenho e morfometria da mucosa de duodeno de frangos de corte alimentados com farelo de canola, durante o período inicial Performance and duodenum mucous morphometry of broiler chickens fed canola meal, during the starting period

Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de farelo de canola nas rações de frangos de corte, sobre o desempenho e a morfologia da mucosa, durante o período inicial (1 - 21 dias) e os efeitos de sua utilização no período de crescimento. Foram utilizados 1000 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e 50 aves por unidade experimental. No 1º, 21º e 41º dia, as aves e as rações foram pesadas e no 21º dia duas aves de cada unidade experimental foram sacrificadas para a colheita de um segmento do duodeno para avaliação de morfometria intestinal. Os resultados demonstraram que níveis crescentes de farelo de canola induziram à redução linear no ganho de peso, peso médio e consumo de ração e piora na conversão alimentar. Durante o período de crescimento (21 a 41 dias), no qual todas as aves receberam ração semelhante, observou-se decréscimo no peso médio e ganho de peso, com o aumento dos níveis de farelo de canola, enquanto os parâmetros conversão alimentar e consumo de ração foram semelhantes. Os dados referentes a morfometria da mucosa intestinal, submetidos à análise de regressão, demonstraram que houve aumento na profundidade de cripta conforme o aumento nos níveis de farelo de canola. Os resultados permitem afirmar que é possível a inclusão de até 20% de farelo de canola, sem prejuízos no desempenho das aves e no trato digestório.<br>A trial was carried to verify the effect of increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of canola meal in diets of broiler chickens, on performance and mucous morphology, during the starting period (1 - 21 days). 1,000 male chicks one-day-old were used, distributed in a randomized experimental assay, with five treatments, four replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. At the 1st, 21st and 41st days, the birds and the rations were weighed and at the 21st day two birds of each experimental unit were sacrificed for collection of a duodenum segment for evaluation of intestinal morphometry. The results demonstrated that increasing levels of canola meal induced to a linear reduction in weight gain, weight and feed intake and worst feed conversion. During the growing period (21 to 41 days), in which all of the birds received similar diet, a decrease was observed in the weight and weight gain, with the increase of the levels of canola meal, while parameters feed conversion and feed intake were similar. Data regarding mucous morphology, submitted to the regression analysis, demonstrated that there was increase in crypt depth in accordance of increasing levels of canola meal. It is possible to include up to 20% of canola meal without damages on broiler performance and in the digestive tract