Une école calédonienne en quête d’identité : modèle français, adaptation, contextualisation, émancipation ?

Fruit d’une dizaine d’années de négociations, le projet éducatif calédonien a été voté au début de l’année 2016 par le congrès de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, puis sa mise en œuvre concrète a pris la forme d’une charte d’application (plan d’action triennal) votée à la fin de l’année 2016 et entrée en vigueur lors de la rentrée scolaire de février 2017. Ce projet éducatif donne-t-il naissance à une école calédonienne émancipée et à l’identité propre ? Je rappelle d’abord les étapes qui ont permis la construction progressive et chaotique du projet éducatif. J’étudie ensuite la nouvelle place donnée aux langues et à la culture kanak dans le parcours scolaire des élèves en me demandant si l’identité kanak a réellement trouvé sa place dans l’école calédonienne. J’aborde enfin la manière dont le projet éducatif et sa charte d’application s’intéressent à la formation du citoyen de la Nouvelle-Calédonie à l’école.New Caledonia began creating its first educational project in the early 2000s. After more than ten years of negotiations, this project was voted at the beginning of 2016 by the Congress of New Caledonia and its implementation was made possible thanks to a three-year plan voted at the end of 2016 and applied in February 2017. Does this educational project entail the creation of an emancipated Caledonian school system and identity? First, I recall the steps that enabled the gradual and chaotic construction of this educational project. Next, I study the new place given to Kanak languages and culture by asking if the Kanak identity has really found its place in the Caledonian school system. Finally, I discuss how the educational project and the three-year plan focus on New Caledonian citizenship

Les ménages de Charleville aux xviiie-xixe siècles

En France, depuis les années 1950, l’étude des recensements est longtemps restée marginale par rapport à la reconstitution des familles, essentiellement, à la différence d’autres pays européens, parce que les listes nominatives disponibles pour donner lieu à des enquêtes sérielles sont rares. À Charleville, celles établies entre le milieu du xviiie siècle et le début du xxe siècle sont un observatoire exceptionnel pour scruter de manière très fine les caractéristiques démographiques des ménages sur une longue période : taille, structure, composition, etc. Surtout, la répétition annuelle de ces recensements permet une approche longitudinale qui révèle la profonde instabilité des formes de corésidence dans les populations du passé.In France, the study of census results has been marginalized since the 1950s by the method of family reconstruction because, unlike in other European countries, too few census data are available to develop large-scale studies. The census conducted in Charleville from the mid-18th to early 20th centuries is therefore an exceptional source for studying household demographics – size, structure, composition, etc. – in detail and over the long term. Above all, as the census was conducted annually, it is possible to take a longitudinal approach that reveals the acute instability of forms of co-residence in the past

Introduction : École et vivre ensemble en Nouvelle-Calédonie

En Nouvelle-Calédonie, l’École telle que nous la connaissons aujourd’hui est un legs colonial (Salaün, 2018). Elle a une origine exogène et, malgré les transferts de compétences de 2000 (premier degré public) et 2012 (premier degré privé, second degré public et privé), elle reste encore en grande partie une émanation du système éducatif français (Minvielle, 2018). Voté en 2016 par le congrès de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, le Projet éducatif calédonien ambitionne de faire de l’École le « creuset d..

La gouvernance territoriale agricole : l’exemple de la viticulture et de l’oléiculture dans l’agglomération de Toulon (France)

Viticulture et oléiculture occupent une place significative au cœur des villes méditerranéennes. Ces espaces agricoles, bien que menacés par la progression de l’urbanisation, résistent grâce à la volonté des acteurs locaux. Nous nous proposons d’étudier, de façon très précise, l’évolution de l’occupation du sol de la vigne et de l’olivier, au sein de l’agglomération de Toulon (France), ces dix dernières années. L’objectif est de réaliser un diagnostic paysager, à l’échelle de la parcelle, afin d’identifier des périmètres agricoles cohérents susceptibles d’être protégés par des outils fonciers adaptés.Vine-growing and olive-growing areas are a significant land use in Mediterranean towns. These agricultural areas have endured thanks to efforts by local stakeholders, despite the fact they are threatened by the effects of continued urbanization. Our aim is to closely examine the evolution of vine-growing and olive-growing spaces in the past ten years across the Toulon (France) metropolitan area. We provide a diagnosis of the landscape at the plot level in order to identify coherent agricultural areas, which could be protected by revised land policy tools

The dChip survival analysis module for microarray data

International audienceBACKGROUND: Genome-wide expression signatures are emerging as potential marker for overall survival and disease recurrence risk as evidenced by recent commercialization of gene expression based biomarkers in breast cancer. Similar predictions have recently been carried out using genome-wide copy number alterations and microRNAs. Existing software packages for microarray data analysis provide functions to define expression-based survival gene signatures. However, there is no software that can perform survival analysis using SNP array data or draw survival curves interactively for expression-based sample clusters. RESULTS: We have developed the survival analysis module in the dChip software that performs survival analysis across the genome for gene expression and copy number microarray data. Built on the current dChip software's microarray analysis functions such as chromosome display and clustering, the new survival functions include interactive exploring of Kaplan-Meier (K-M) plots using expression or copy number data, computing survival p-values from the log-rank test and Cox models, and using permutation to identify significant chromosome regions associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: The dChip survival module provides user-friendly way to perform survival analysis and visualize the results in the context of genes and cytobands. It requires no coding expertise and only minimal learning curve for thousands of existing dChip users. The implementation in Visual C++ also enables fast computation. The software and demonstration data are freely available at http://dchip-surv.chenglilab.org

The shaping and functional consequences of the dosage effect landscape in multiple myeloma

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant proliferation of plasma B cells. Based on recurrent aneuploidy such as copy number alterations (CNAs), myeloma is divided into two subtypes with different CNA patterns and patient survival outcomes. How aneuploidy events arise, and whether they contribute to cancer cell evolution are actively studied. The large amount of transcriptomic changes resultant of CNAs (dosage effect) pose big challenges for identifying functional consequences of CNAs in myeloma in terms of specific driver genes and pathways. In this study, we hypothesize that gene-wise dosage effect varies as a result from complex regulatory networks that translate the impact of CNAs to gene expression, and studying this variation can provide insights into functional effects of CNAs. Results: We propose gene-wise dosage effect score and genome-wide karyotype plot as tools to measure and visualize concordant copy number and expression changes across cancer samples. We find that dosage effect in myeloma is widespread yet variable, and it is correlated with gene expression level and CNA frequencies in different chromosomes. Our analysis suggests that despite the enrichment of differentially expressed genes between hyperdiploid MM and non-hyperdiploid MM in the trisomy chromosomes, the chromosomal proportion of dosage sensitive genes is higher in the non-trisomy chromosomes. Dosage-sensitive genes are enriched by genes with protein translation and localization functions, and dosage resistant genes are enriched by apoptosis genes. These results point to future studies on differential dosage sensitivity and resistance of pro- and anti-proliferation pathways and their variation across patients as therapeutic targets and prognosis markers. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that recurrent CNAs in myeloma are selected by their functional consequences. The novel dosage effect score defined in this work will facilitate integration of copy number and expression data for identifying driver genes in cancer genomics studies. The accompanying R code is available at http://www.canevolve.org/dosageEffect/

Classify Hyperdiploidy Status of Multiple Myeloma Patients Using Gene Expression Profiles

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of antibody-making plasma cells. It frequently harbors alterations in DNA and chromosome copy numbers, and can be divided into two major subtypes, hyperdiploid (HMM) and non-hyperdiploid multiple myeloma (NHMM). The two subtypes have different survival prognosis, possibly due to different but converging paths to oncogenesis. Existing methods for identifying the two subtypes are fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and copy number microarrays, with increased cost and sample requirements. We hypothesize that chromosome alterations have their imprint in gene expression through dosage effect. Using five MM expression datasets that have HMM status measured by FISH and copy number microarrays, we have developed and validated a K-nearest-neighbor method to classify MM into HMM and NHMM based on gene expression profiles. Classification accuracy for test datasets ranges from 0.83 to 0.88. This classification will enable researchers to study differences and commonalities of the two MM subtypes in disease biology and prognosis using expression datasets without need for additional subtype measurements. Our study also supports the advantages of using cancer specific characteristics in feature design and pooling multiple rounds of classification results to improve accuracy. We provide R source code and processed datasets at www.ChengLiLab.org/software

36. Une influence française en Autriche : les opérettes d’Offenbach

Jacques Offenbach est né à Cologne en 1819 dans une famille juive. Alors que le jeune garçon montre des dons précoces pour le violoncelle, son père l’envoie avec son frère parfaire sa formation à Paris où il est admis à l’âge de 14 ans au Conservatoire. Très rapidement, il intègre l’orchestre de l’Opéra-Comique, puis est nommé directeur musical de la Comédie-Française à 28 ans. À cette date, il jouit déjà d’une réputation de violoncelliste virtuose qu’il a construite, jusqu’au milieu des anné..

Les « malheurs des temps » en Gironde au XVIIIe siècle, d’après les registres paroissiaux

Berichte aus den Pfarrbüchern über Notjahre in der Gironde im 18. Jahrhundert. Während des Ancien Regimes sollten die Pfarrbücher Taufen, Hochzeiten und Bestattungen verzeichnen, doch finden sich dort auch Notizen über Ereignisse, die manchen Pfarrern wichtig genug erschienen, festgehalten zu werden. Auch wenn diese Notizen in der Region der Gironde eher selten sind und nur in sehr unregelmäßigen Zeitabschnitten vorkommen, berichten die meisten doch von den schweren Zeiten die von der Bevölkerung durchlebt aber auch als diese identifiziert wurden. Die meisten Notizen betreffen klimatische Katastrophen und ihre Folgen (Teuerung, Zerstörungen, Krankheiten). Andere beziehen sich auf Kriegsumstände (vor allem den Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg) und politische Wirren, wie die der Bauernrevolution (la Grande Peur) von 1789.Bad times in Gironde in the 18th Century according to parish registers. During the Old Regime, parish registers were meant to record baptisms, marriages and interments, but they sometimes contained stories of important events that certain priests believed useful to note in them. Even if they are quite rare and unequally distributed in the Gironde region, most of these texts evoke the “ unhappy times” as they were lived and experienced by the population. The most frequent notes concern climatic catastrophes and their consequences (high prices, physical destructions, epidemics) but others referred to wars (the war of the Spanish Succession in particular) and to political troubles (the Great Fear of 1789).Bad times in Gironde in the 18th Century according to parish registers. During the Old Regime, parish registers were meant to record baptisms, marriages and interments, but they sometimes contained stories of important events that certain priests believed useful to note in them. Even if they are quite rare and unequally distributed in the Gironde region, most of these texts evoke the “ unhappy times” as they were lived and experienced by the population. The most frequent notes concern climatic catastrophes and their consequences (high prices, physical destructions, epidemics) but others referred to wars (the war of the Spanish Succession in particular) and to political troubles (the Great Fear of 1789).Los desastres en Gironda en el siglo XVIII a partir de los registros parroquiales. Bajo el Antiguo Régimen, los registros parroquiales sirven para registrar bautismos, casamientos y defunciones pero también a veces relatan sucesos importantes que algunos párrocos han tenidos a bien notar en ellos. Aunque sean pocos y distribuidos de modo irregular en el espacio de Girona, la mayoría de esos textos hablan de los «desastres del tiempo presente » , tales como podían experimentarlos y sentirlos los vecinos. Lo que se suele mencionar más son las catástrofes climáticas y sus consecuencias (carestía, destrucciones materiales, enfermedades) pero en otros casos se refieren a las guerras (guerra de Sucesión de España en particular) y a los disturbios políticos (el Gran Miedo de 1789).Minvielle Stéphane. Les « malheurs des temps » en Gironde au XVIIIe siècle, d’après les registres paroissiaux. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 117, N°249, 2005. Les comtes de Toulouse et l’Aquitaine (IXe-XIIe siècles) pp. 45-73