Species-time-area and phylogenetic-time-area relationships in tropical tree communities

The species-area relationship (SAR) has proven to be one of the few strong generalities in ecology. The temporal analog of the SAR, the species-time relationship (STR), has received considerably less attention. Recent work primarily from the temperate zone has aimed to merge the SAR and the STR into a synthetic and unified species-time-area relationship (STAR) as originally envisioned by Preston (1960). Here we test this framework using two tropical tree communities and extend it by deriving a phylogenetic-time-area relationship (PTAR). The work finds some support for Preston's prediction that diversity-time relationships, both species and phylogenetic, are sensitive to the spatial scale of the sampling. Contrary to the Preston's predictions we find a decoupling of diversity-area and diversity-time relationships in both forests as the time period used to quantify the diversity-area relationship changes. In particular, diversity-area and diversity-time relationships are positively correlated using the initial census to quantify the diversity-area relationship, but weakly or even negatively correlated when using the most recent census. Thus, diversity-area relationships could forecast the temporal accumulation of biodiversity of the forests, but they failed to back-cast the temporal accumulation of biodiversity suggesting a decoupling of space and time

Evidence for the Coexistence of Anisotropic Superconducting Gap and Nonlocal Effects in the Non-magnetic Superconductor LuNi2B2C

A study of the dependence of the heat capacity Cp(alpha) on field angle in LuNi2B2C reveals an anomalous disorder effect. For pure samples, Cp(alpha) exhibits a fourfold variation as the field H < Hc2 is rotated in the [001] plane, with minima along (alpha = 0). A slightly disordered sample, however, develops anomalous secondary minima along for H > 1 T, leading to an 8-fold pattern. The anomalous pattern is discussed in terms of coexisting superconducting gap anisotropy and non-local effects.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Anomalous Paramagnetic Effects in the Mixed State of LuNi2B2C

Anomalous paramagnetic effects in dc magnetization were observed in the mixed state of LuNi2B2C, unlike any reported previously. It appears as a kink-like feature for H > 30 kOe and becomes more prominent with increasing field. A specific heat jump at the corresponding temperature suggests that the anomaly is due to a true bulk transition. A magnetic flux transition from a square to an hexagonal lattice is consistent with the anomaly.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

(Ga0.71B0.29)PO4 with a high-cristobalite-type structure refined from powder data

Gallium boron phosphate, (Ga0.71B0.29)PO4, was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure is isostructural with the tetra­gonal high-cristobalite structure with space group P which is built from alternating Ga(B)O4 and PO4 tetra­hedra inter­connected by sharing the common O-atom vertices, resulting in a three-dimensional structure with two-dimensional six-membered-ring tunnels running along the a and b axes

The impacting cantilever: modal non-convergence and the importance of stiffness matching.

The problem of an Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam whose free end impacts with a point constraint is revisited from the point of view of modal analysis. It is shown that there is non-uniqueness of consistent impact laws for a given modal truncation. Moreover, taking an N-mode compliant, bilinear formulation and passing to the rigid limit leads to a sequence of impact models that does not converge as N--> ∞. The dynamics of such truncated models are studied numerically and found to give rise to quite different dynamics depending on the number of degrees of freedom taken. The simulations are compared with results from simple experiments that show a propensity for multiple-tap dynamics, in which higher-order modes lead to rapidly cycling intermittent contact. The conclusion reached is that, to derive an accurate model, one needs to avoid the impact limit altogether, and take sufficiently many modes in the formulation to match the actual stiffness of the constraining stop

Comparing groups of Brazilian cattle farmers with different levels of intention to use improved natural grassland

This study used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to analyze the intention of Brazilian farmers to use improved natural grassland. The TPB hypothesizes that the adoption of an innovation is driven by the intention to use it, which in turn is determined by three socio-psychological constructs: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. These constructs are derived from beliefs. The theoretical framework and model were applied to a sample of 214 Brazilian cattle farmers. Based on the socio-psychological constructs that influence intention, two groups of farmers were identified; farmers that were willing and farmers that were unwilling to use improved natural grassland. Results showed that compared to unwilling farmers, willing farmers evaluated the use of improved natural grassland on their farms more favorably (attitude), they felt a greater social pressure upon them to adopt this innovation (social norm), and they reported a higher capability (perceived behavioral control) to use improved natural grassland. Willing and unwilling farmers also differed in their behavioral beliefs concerning the outcomes of using improved natural grassland, their normative beliefs concerning important others, and their control beliefs concerning factors that could facilitate or inhibit the use of improved natural grassland. The two groups did not differ in most of their socioeconomic characteristics, but did differ in their goals and relative risk attitudes

Perspectives on community-based system change for people living with persistent pain: insights from developing the “Rethinking Pain service”

In this perspective article we advocate community-based system change for people living with persistent pain. Our view is that greater use of the voluntary and community sector, in partnership with the clinical sector, creates the conditions for a “whole person” approach to pain management, leading to greater personalised care for adults living with long-term pain whilst having the potential to ease some of the pressures on General Practitioners and other clinical services. We advocate pain care that is socially connected, meaningful within socio-cultural contexts and aligned with the principles of salutogenesis. We provide an example of a UK National Health Service (NHS) commissioned pain service called “Rethinking Pain” that operationalises this perspective. Led by the voluntary and community sector, Rethinking Pain works in partnership with the clinical sector to provide a central holistic pathway of care for people experiencing persistent pain. This is the first time that this model of care has been commissioned for persistent pain in this area of England. The Rethinking Pain service is underpinned by core values to work with people to manage their pain holistically. The Rethinking Pain team proactively engage with people in the community, actively approaching and engaging those who experience the biggest health inequalities. In this article we provide an overview of the context of pain services in the UK, the rationale and supporting evidence for community-based system change, and the context, pathway, values, goals, and aspirations of the Rethinking Pain service

Rethinking pain education from the perspectives of people experiencing pain: a meta-ethnography to inform physiotherapy training

Background Pain is a complex, global and multidimensional phenomena that impacts the lives of millions of people. Chronic pain (lasting more than 3 months) is particularly burdensome for individuals, health and social care systems. Physiotherapists have a fundamental role in supporting people who are experiencing pain. However, the appropriateness of pain education in pre-registration physiotherapy training programmes has been questioned. Recent research reports identify the need to integrate the voice of patients to inform the development of the pre-registration curriculum. The aim of this meta-ethnography was to develop new conceptual understanding of patients' needs when accessing physiotherapy for pain management. The concepts were viewed through an educational lens to create a patient needs-based model to inform physiotherapy training. Methods Noblit and Hare’s seven-stage meta-ethnography was used to conduct this qualitative systematic review. Five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, PsycINFO and AMED) were searched with eligibility criteria: qualitative methodology, reports patient experience of physiotherapy, adult participants with musculoskeletal pain, reported in English. Databases were searched to January 2018. Emerge reporting guidelines guided the preparation of this manuscript. Results A total of 366 citations were screened, 43 full texts retrieved and 18 studies included in the final synthesis. Interpretive qualitative synthesis resulted in six distinct categories that represent patients’ needs when in pain. Analysing categories through an education lens resulted in three overall lines of argument to inform physiotherapy training. The categories and lines of argument are represented in a ‘needs-based’ model to inform pre-registration physiotherapy training. Discussion The findings provide new and novel interpretations of qualitative data in an area of research that lacks patient input. This is a valuable addition to pain education research. Findings support the work of others relative to patient centredness in physiotherapy

Black Hairy Tongue Associated with Erlotinib Treatment in a Patient with Advanced Lung Cancer

Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). There have been many reports of the mucocutaneous side effects related to several EGFR inhibitors (EGFRIs). However, no case of black hairy tongue (BHT) associated with EGFRI has been reported. Herein, we report the first case of erlotinib-induced BHT in a 61-year-old man with advanced lung cancer. Considering recent use of EGFRIs worldwide, dermatologists should recognize the possible occurrence of BHT associated with EGFRIs such as erlotinib