Participación ciudadana en los gobiernos locales: una revisión latinoamericana

Actualmente en los países de latino américa el ánimo de participación ciudadana no es asertiva, al presentarse problemas en la intervención de los ciudadanos, en busca de progresar y consolidar estados democráticos donde existan comunidades con ciudadanos capacitados y solidarios quienes propongan alternativas para un desarrollo social sostenible, dirigido a la sociedad del conocimiento, llegando a ser una herramienta de control para la gobernanza, trayendo consigo una transformación democrática en la región. Se evidencia que en diversas oportunidades los mecanismos de participación ciudadana no son promovidas por los gobiernos locales debido a que no poseen las capacidades ni el profesionalismo para empoderar e incentivar a los ciudadanos a exigir este proceso de forma transparente al realizar gestión municipal. Sin embargo, se ha evidenciado el intento por parte de la sociedad civil de fortalecer esta herramienta por medio de la rendición de cuentas y de control, con el objetivo de buscar una mejora en la justicia social, para asegurar que los presupuestos y las políticas públicas sean dirigidas hacia los ciudadanos, favoreciendo directamente a las personas que se encuentran socialmente excluidas. Sin embargo, las sociedades civiles no están organizados con profesionales con ética, ni capacidades de liderazgo; se necesita una gran transformación en ambos sectores si queremos lograr que la corrupción a nivel latinoamericano disminuya, se tiene que capacitar a los líderes en ciencias políticas, derecho, gestión pública como municipal. Asimismo, se evidencia a nivel latino América La participación, que se encuentra dirigida por: observatorios ciudadanos, mecanismos de control social, auditorías sociales, consultas ciudadanas. Tenemos que mencionar que el principal Objetivo de estudiar la participación ciudadana en las políticas públicas es de aportar al proceso de construcción de conceptos nuevos a partir de palabras y conocimientos antiguos, esta investigación tiene como finalidad detallar y examinar las iniciativas de la participación ciudadana en cada país de américa latina, así como el análisis de sus resultados, los factores contextuales que las han hecho posible, al mismo tiempo que destacan publicaciones fundamentales con miras a vincular a los lectores con fuentes de información de utilidad actual

Re-framing the climate change debate in the livestock sector: mitigation and adaptation options

Livestock play a key role in the climate change debate. As with crop-based agriculture, the sector is both a net greenhouse gas emitter and vulnerable to climate change. At the same time, it is an essential food source for millions of people worldwide, with other functions apart from food security such as savings and insurance. By comparison with crop-based agriculture, the interactions of livestock and climate change have been much less studied. The debate around livestock is confusing due to the coexistence of multiple livestock farming systems with differing functions for humans, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profiles and different characteristics and boundary issues in their measurement, which are often pooled together. Consequently, the diversity of livestock farming systems and their functions to human systems are poorly represented and the role of the livestock sector in the climate change debate has not been adequately addressed. In this article, building upon the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC 5AR) findings, we review recent literature on livestock and climate change so as better to include this diversity in the adaptation and mitigation debate around livestock systems. For comparative purposes we use the same categories of managerial, technical, behavioral and policy-related action to organize both mitigation and adaptation options. We conclude that different livestock systems provide different functions to different human systems and require different strategies, so they cannot readily be pooled together. We also observe that, for the different livestock systems, several win-win strategies exist that effectively tackle both mitigation and adaptation options as well as food security

Intervenciones prioritarias, comunicación, prevención de anemia materna infantil, centro de salud villa los Reyes Callao 2022

He objective: The general objective of this research was to identify the influence between the priority interventions of communication with the prevention of maternal and child anemia in the Villa los Reyes Callao 2022 health center, as a general hypothesis. There is a significant influence between the priority interventions and the communication with the prevention of infant maternal anemia. The methodology was with a quantitative approach, basic type, correlational design. technique the survey, data collection instrument the questionnaire with Likert-type alternatives, sample of 109 mothers who attend the controls of children under 3 years of age. Results: it was evidenced that the variable of priority interventions obtains as a product that 67.9% indicate it with a high level, as well as the communication 60.6% state that it has a high level and the prevention of anemia 65.1% of the collaborators state which has a high level. It is concluded that 0.05 is an acceptable value. According to the Nagelkerke statistics, it showed a result of 0.921, showing a very high level, there is a significant influence between the priority interventions and communication with the prevention of maternal and child anemia. at CSVLRC202El objetivo: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general identificar la influencia entre las intervenciones prioritarias la comunicación con la prevención  de anemia materna infantil en el centro de salud Villa los Reyes Callao 2022,como  hipótesis general  Existe una influencia significativa entre las intervenciones prioritarias y la comunicación con la prevención de anemia materna infantil. La metodología  fue  con enfoque cuantitativo,  tipo básica,  diseño correlacional.  técnica  la encuesta,  instrumento de recolección de datos el cuestionario con alternativos tipo Likert, muestra de 109 madres de familia que acuden a los controles de niños menores de 3 años.  Resultados: se evidenció que la variable de intervenciones prioritarias obtiene como producto que el 67.9% muestra un nivel alto, así como la comunicación el 60.6% manifiesta que tiene un nivel alto y la prevención de la anemia el 65.1% de los colaboradores manifiestan que tiene un nivel alto. Se Concluye que el 0,05 siendo esta un valor aceptable.  Según la estadística de Nagelkerke arrojó un resultado de 0,921 mostrando un nivel muy alto, existe influencia significativa entre las intervenciones prioritarias y la comunicación con la prevención de la anemia materno infantil. en el CSVLRC202

La gestión municipal y su impacto en la gobernabilidad en los gobiernos locales del Perú, 2021

The purpose of this research is to detail and examine the conceptual approach to the management of municipalities and its influence on governance as a very important factor in the well-being of citizens, the foundation is centered on organizational theory as the main source that should be promote the state in its public institutions, likewise improve the capacities of human resources for a better efficient performance to achieve its objectives in the same way in the research carried out we make relevance that it is very important that citizens participate since this contributes to the development of localities. For this, a systematic review of articles published in scientific journals of scielo, Redalyc and Latindex indexed journals whose publications are between 2015 and 2020 has been made, for which a database of 10 articles has been developed. It will allow the discussions to be held and thus reach the conclusions of how effective municipal management has a positive impact on good governance and its study, diagnosis will influence in a timely manner for future research.La finalidad de esta investigación es  detallar y examinar la aproximación conceptual de la gestión de los municipios y su influencia en la gobernabilidad como un factor muy importante en el bienestar de los ciudadanos, el fundamento está centrado en la teoría organizacional como principal fuente que se debería impulsar el estado en sus instituciones públicas, así mismo mejorar las capacidades de los recursos humano para un mejor desempeño eficiente para el logro de sus objetivo del mismo modo en la investigación realizada hacemos relevancia que es muy importante que los ciudadanos participen   ya que  esto contribuye al desarrollo de las localidades. Para ello se ha hecho revisión sistemática  de artículos publicadas en revistas científicas de scielo, Redalyc y revistas indexadas latindex cuyas publicaciones estén comprendidas entre el 2015 al 2020 para el cual se ha desarrollado una base de datos de 10 artículos  los resultados obtenidos de estas investigaciones nos permitirá hacer las discusiones y con ello llegar a las conclusiones de como la gestión municipal efectiva tiene un impacto positivo para una buena gobernabilidad y su estudio, diagnostico incidirá de manera oportuna para futuras investigaciones

Discovery of the first dual GSK3 beta inhibitor/Nrf2 inducer. A new multitarget therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease

The formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have emerged as key targets for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. These pathological hallmarks are closely related to the over-activity of the enzyme GSK3β and the downregulation of the defense pathway Nrf2-EpRE observed in AD patients. Herein, we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new family of multitarget 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles as dual GSK3β inhibitors and Nrf2 inducers. These compounds are able to inhibit GSK3β and induce the Nrf2 phase II antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathway at micromolar concentrations, showing interesting structure-activity relationships. The association of both activities has resulted in a remarkable anti-inflammatory ability with an interesting neuroprotective profile on in vitro models of neuronal death induced by oxidative stress and energy depletion and AD. Furthermore, none of the compounds exhibited in vitro neurotoxicity or hepatotoxicity and hence they had improved safety profiles compared to the known electrophilic Nrf2 inducers. In conclusion, the combination of both activities in this family of multitarget compounds confers them a notable interest for the development of lead compounds for the treatment of AD

New constraints on the free-streaming of warm dark matter from intermediate and small scale Lyman-α forest data

We present new measurements of the free-streaming of warm dark matter (WDM) from Lyman-α flux-power spectra. We use data from the medium resolution, intermediate redshift XQ-100 sample observed with the X-shooter spectrograph (z=3–4.2) and the high-resolution, high-redshift sample used in Viel et al. (2013) obtained with the HIRES/MIKE spectrographs (z=4.2 – 5.4 ). Based on further improved modelling of the dependence of the Lyman- α flux-power spectrum on the free-streaming of dark matter, cosmological parameters, as well as the thermal history of the intergalactic medium (IGM) with hydrodynamical simulations, we obtain the following limits, expressed as the equivalent mass of thermal relic WDM particles. The XQ-100 flux power spectrum alone gives a lower limit of 1.4 keV, the re-analysis of the HIRES/MIKE sample gives 4.1 keV while the combined analysis gives our best and significantly strengthened lower limit of 5.3 keV (all 2 σ C.L.). The further improvement in the joint analysis is partly due to the fact that the two data sets have different degeneracies between astrophysical and cosmological parameters that are broken when the data sets are combined, and more importantly on chosen priors on the thermal evolution. These results all assume that the temperature evolution of the IGM can be modeled as a power law in redshift. Allowing for a nonsmooth evolution of the temperature of the IGM with sudden temperature changes of up to 5000 K reduces the lower limit for the combined analysis to 3.5 keV. A WDM with smaller thermal relic masses would require, however, a sudden temperature jump of 5000 K or more in the narrow redshift interval z = 4.6 – 4.8 , in disagreement with observations of the thermal history based on high-resolution resolution Lyman- α forest data and expectations for photo-heating and cooling in the low density IGM at these redshifts.V. I. is supported by U.S. NSF Grant No. AST-1514734. V. I. also thanks M. McQuinn for useful discussions, and IAS, Princeton, for hospitality during his stay where part of this work was completed. M. V. and T. S. K. are supported by ERC-StG “cosmoIGM”. S. L. has been supported by FONDECYT grant number 1140838 and partially by PFB-06 CATA. V. D., M. V., S. C. acknowledge support from the PRIN INAF 2012 “The X-Shooter sample of 100 quasar spectra at z ∼ 3.5 : Digging into cosmology and galaxy evolution with quasar absorption lines. G. B. is supported by the NSF under award AST-1615814. S. L. E. acknowledges the receipt of an NSERC Discovery Grant. M. H. acknowledges support by ERC ADVANCED GRANT 320596 “The Emergence of Structure during the epoch of Reionization”. L. C. is supported by YDUN DFF 4090-00079. K. D. D. is supported by an NSF AAPF fellowship awarded under NSF grant AST-1302093. J. S. B. acknowledges the support of a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programme 189.A-0424. This work made use of the DiRAC High Performance Computing System (HPCS) and the COSMOS shared memory service at the University of Cambridge. These are operated on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC facility. This equipment is funded by BIS National E-infrastructure capital grant ST/J005673/1 and STFC grants ST/H008586/1, ST/K00333X/1

Calcium Homeostasis in Myogenic Differentiation Factor 1 (MyoD)-Transformed, Virally-Transduced, Skin-Derived Equine Myotubes

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several human and animal skeletal muscle disorders, in particular, genetic disorders associated with ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) mutations, such as malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, multiminicore disease and certain centronuclear myopathies. In addition, aberrant skeletal muscle calcium handling is believed to play a pivotal role in the highly prevalent disorder of Thoroughbred racehorses, known as Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis. Traditionally, such defects were studied in human and equine subjects by examining the contractile responses of biopsied muscle strips exposed to caffeine, a potent RYR1 agonist. However, this test is not widely available and, due to its invasive nature, is potentially less suitable for valuable animals in training or in the human paediatric setting. Furthermore, increasingly, RYR1 gene polymorphisms (of unknown pathogenicity and significance) are being identified through next generation sequencing projects. Consequently, we have investigated a less invasive test that can be used to study calcium homeostasis in cultured, skin-derived fibroblasts that are converted to the muscle lineage by viral transduction with a MyoD (myogenic differentiation 1) transgene. Similar models have been utilised to examine calcium homeostasis in human patient cells, however, to date, there has been no detailed assessment of the cells’ calcium homeostasis, and in particular, the responses to agonists and antagonists of RYR1. Here we describe experiments conducted to assess calcium handling of the cells and examine responses to treatment with dantrolene, a drug commonly used for prophylaxis of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses and malignant hyperthermia in humans

Effect of image compression and scaling on automated scoring of immunohistochemical stainings and segmentation of tumor epithelium

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Digital whole-slide scanning of tissue specimens produces large images demanding increasing storing capacity. To reduce the need of extensive data storage systems image files can be compressed and scaled down. The aim of this article is to study the effect of different levels of image compression and scaling on automated image analysis of immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings and automated tumor segmentation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two tissue microarray (TMA) slides containing 800 samples of breast cancer tissue immunostained against Ki-67 protein and two TMA slides containing 144 samples of colorectal cancer immunostained against EGFR were digitized with a whole-slide scanner. The TMA images were JPEG2000 wavelet compressed with four compression ratios: lossless, and 1:12, 1:25 and 1:50 lossy compression. Each of the compressed breast cancer images was furthermore scaled down either to 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64 or 1:128. Breast cancer images were analyzed using an algorithm that quantitates the extent of staining in Ki-67 immunostained images, and EGFR immunostained colorectal cancer images were analyzed with an automated tumor segmentation algorithm. The automated tools were validated by comparing the results from losslessly compressed and non-scaled images with results from conventional visual assessments. Percentage agreement and kappa statistics were calculated between results from compressed and scaled images and results from lossless and non-scaled images.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both of the studied image analysis methods showed good agreement between visual and automated results. In the automated IHC quantification, an agreement of over 98% and a kappa value of over 0.96 was observed between losslessly compressed and non-scaled images and combined compression ratios up to 1:50 and scaling down to 1:8. In automated tumor segmentation, an agreement of over 97% and a kappa value of over 0.93 was observed between losslessly compressed images and compression ratios up to 1:25.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of this study suggest that images stored for assessment of the extent of immunohistochemical staining can be compressed and scaled significantly, and images of tumors to be segmented can be compressed without compromising computer-assisted analysis results using studied methods.</p> <p>Virtual slides</p> <p>The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: <url>http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2442925476534995</url></p