Qualidade física do solo sob sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física do solo em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), em comparação à pastagem contínua e ao cerrado nativo. Durante dois anos (2005 e 2006), amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso foram coletadas de duas camadas (0-20 e 70-80 cm), em seis áreas cultivadas em diferentes sistemas de rotação de culturas e ILP. Uma área de pastagem contínua e outra de cerrado nativo foram utilizadas como referências. Foram analisados os seguintes atributos físico-hídricos: densidade do solo, umidade de saturação, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade efetiva, saturação efetiva, condutividade hidráulica saturada de campo e de laboratório, e curva de retenção de água do solo. Todos os sistemas de cultivo provocaram impacto nos atributos físico-hídricos, na camada 0-20 cm. O cultivo contínuo de pastagem proporcionou a melhor qualidade física do solo. Na comparação entre os anos, apenas o sistema preparo convencional do solo mostrou incremento na densidade e redução na porosidade do solo. A pastagem em rotação no sistema ILP, mesmo após quatro anos, não favorece a qualidade física do solo em comparação à pastagem contínua

Clay mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility of Oxisols in geomorphic surfaces

Studies analyzing the variability of clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility provide data for the delineation of site-specific management areas since many of their attributes are important to agronomy and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of clay minerals, magnetic susceptibility, adsorbed phosphorus and physical attributes in Oxisols of sandstones in different geomorphic surfaces. For that purpose, soil samples were collected every 25 m along a transect located within the area where the geomorphic surfaces were identified and mapped. The transect occupied the central portion of 500 ha, where it was also sampled for density purposes with one sample per six hectares. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The results of the physical, chemical, mineralogical and magnetic susceptibility analyses were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analyses. The nature of the clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility was dependent on the variation of the soil parent material. High values of magnetic susceptibility were associated with the presence of maghemite and magnetite of coarse size. The spatial variability of crystallinity and the content of Fe oxides, as well as magnetic susceptibility, were dependent on the age of the geomorphic surfaces. The youngest surface had greater spatial variability of these attributes. The iron (goethite and hematite) and aluminum (gibbsite) oxides in the youngest geomorphic surface influenced the low values of soil density and high values of total pore volume, micropores and P adsorption. The characterization of the spatial variability of Fe oxides and susceptibility allowed for the delineation of homogeneous areas

A century of trends in adult human height

Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Gastric Emptying Study By Scintigraphy In Patients With Chronic Renal Failure [estudo Do Esvaziamento Gástrico Por Cintilografia Em Pacientes Com Insuficiência Renal Crônica]

Background and objectives: This study had the purpose of studying gastric emptying in patients with chronic renal failure. Material and method: Thirty patients with chronic renal failure were studied, 16 in conservative clinical treatment and 14 in hemodialysis for over six months. The control group (CTL) was composed of 18 asymptomatic volunteers. The method of gastric emptying study was scintigraphy. The standardized test meal was an omelet of three chicken eggs prepared with colloidal sulfur marked with 185 MBq of 99m technetium. Gastric retention curves were studied and T of gastric emptying was obtained from them. A T value corresponding to the average of T values of control group plus twice standard deviation was considered nornmal. Statistical tests used were χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis. Results: There was no statistically significant difference with regard to total gastric retention curves and T of gastric emptying, which was similar in three studied groups. Nine patients had high T of gastric emptying, above 125 minutes. These patients were equally distributed among both genders and conservative clinical treatment and hemodialysis groups. Conclusions: We concluded that gastric retention rate and T of gastric emptying in patients with chronic renal failure in conservative clinical treatment and hemodialysis does not differ from the healthy patients group. Hemodialysis does not seem to reduce the risk of gastric retention in patients with chronic renal failure. © 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda.6213947Goldstein, H., Murphy, D., Sokol, A., Gastric acid secretion in patients undergoing chronic dialysis (1967) Arch Intern Med, 120, pp. 645-653Brown-Cartwright, D., Smith, H.J., Feldman, M., Gastric emptying of an indigestible solid in patients with end-stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (1988) Gastroenterology, 95, pp. 49-51Strid, H., Simrén, M., Stotzer, P.O., Delay in gastric emptying in patients with chronic renal failure (2004) Scand J Gastroenterol, 39, pp. 516-520Dimitrascu, D.L., Barnet, J., Kirschner, T., Astral emptying of semisolid meal measured by real-time ultrasonography in chronic renal failure (1995) Dig Dis Sci, 40, pp. 636-644Ravelli, A.M., Gastrointestinal function in chronic renal failure (1995) Pediatr Nephrol, 9, pp. 756-762Dimitrascu, D.L., Barnet, J., Kirchner, T., Delayed gastric emptying in non-diabetic chronic renal failure (CRF): evidence of «uremic gastroparesis » (1993) Gastroenterology, 104 (4), pp. A500. , part 2Margolis, D.M., Saylor, J.L., Geisse, D., Upper gastrointestinal disease in chronic renal failure: a prospective evaluation (1978) Arch Inter Med, 138, pp. 1214-1217Kallar, S.K., Everett, L.L., Potencial risks and preventive measures for pulmonary aspiration: new concepts in preoperative measures for pulmonary aspiration: new concepts in preoperative fasting guidelines (1993) Anesth. 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