3,068 research outputs found
Modulational instability of spatially broadband nonlinear optical pulses in four-state atomic systems
The modulational instability of broadband optical pulses in a four-state
atomic system is investigated. In particular, starting from a recently derived
generalized nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, a wave-kinetic equation is
derived. A comparison between coherent and random phase wave states is made. It
is found that the spatial spectral broadening can contribute to the nonlinear
stability of ultra-short optical pulses. In practical terms, this could be
achieved by using random phase plate techniques.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Pulmonary Embolism Associated to HIV Infection
A presença de anticorpos antifosfolÃpidos é frequente em doentes com infecção VIH principalmente em fases avançadas da doença. Apesar da elevada prevalência de anticorpos antifosfolÃpidos, a sua associação a fenómenos trombóticos é rara, estando apenas descritos alguns casos.
Os autores apresentam um caso clÃnico cuja manifestação inaugural de uma infecção VIH foi um tromboembolismo pulmonar associado á presença de anticoagulante lúpico
Mass for Plasma Photons from Gauge Symmetry Breaking
We derive the effective masses for photons in unmagnetized plasma waves using
a quantum field theory with two vector fields (gauge fields). In order to
properly define the quantum field degrees of freedom we re-derive the classical
wave equations on light-front gauge. This is needed because the usual scalar
potential of electromagnetism is, in quantum field theory, not a physical
degree of freedom that renders negative energy eigenstates. We also consider a
background local fluid metric that allows for a covariant treatment of the
problem. The different masses for the longitudinal (plasmon) and transverse
photons are in our framework due to the local fluid metric. We apply the
mechanism of mass generation by gauge symmetry breaking recently proposed by
the authors by giving a non-trivial vacuum-expectation-value to the second
vector field (gauge field). The Debye length is interpreted as an
effective compactification length and we compute an explicit solution for the
large gauge transformations that correspond to the specific mass eigenvalues
derived here. Using an usual quantum field theory canonical quantization we
obtain the usual results in the literature. Although none of these ingredients
are new to physicist, as far as the authors are aware it is the first time that
such constructions are applied to Plasma Physics. Also we give a physical
interpretation (and realization) for the second vector field in terms of the
plasma background in terms of known physical phenomena.
Addendum: It is given a short proof that equation (10) is wrong, therefore
equations (12-17) are meaningless. The remaining results are correct being
generic derivations for nonmagnetized plasmas derived in a covariant QFT
framework.Comment: v1: 1+6 pages v2: Several discussions rewritten; Abstract rewritten;
References added; v3: includes Addendu
Nonlinear and evolutionary phenomena in deterministic growing economies
We discuss the implications of nonlinearity in competitive models of optimal
endogenous growth. Departing from a simple representative agent setup with
convex risk premium and investment adjustment costs, we define an open economy
dynamic optimization problem and show that the optimal control solution is given
by an autonomous nonlinear vector field in <3 with multiple equilibria and no optimal
stable solutions. We give a thorough analytical and numerical analysis of this
system qualitative dynamics and show the existence of local singularities, such as
fold (saddle-node), Hopf and Fold-Hopf bifurcations of equilibria. Finally, we discuss
the policy implications of global nonlinear phenomena. We focus on dynamic
scenarios arising in the vicinity of Fold-Hopf bifurcations and demonstrate the existence
of global dynamic phenomena arising from the complex organization of the
invariant manifolds of this system. We then consider this setup in a non-cooperative
differential game environment, where asymmetric players choose open loop no feedback
strategies and dynamics are coupled by an aggregate risk premium mechanism.
When only convex risk premium is considered, we show that these games have a
specific state-separability property, where players have optimal, but naive, beliefs
about the evolution of the state of the game. We argue that the existence of optimal
beliefs in this fashion, provides a unique framework to study the implications
of the self-confirming equilibrium (SCE) hypothesis in a dynamic game setup. We
propose to answer the following question. Are players able to concur on a SCE,
where their expectations are self-fulfilling? To evaluate this hypothesis we consider
a simple conjecture. If beliefs bound the state-space of the game asymptotically
and strategies are Lipschitz continuous, then it is possible to describe SCE solutions
and evaluate the qualitative properties of equilibrium. If strategies are not smooth,
which is likely in environments where belief-based solutions require players to learn
a SCE, then asymptotic dynamics can be evaluated numerically as a Hidden Markov
Model (HMM). We discuss this topic for a class of games where players lack the
relevant information to pursue their optimal strategies and have to base their decisions
on subjective beliefs. We set up one of the games proposed as a multi-objective
optimization problem under uncertainty and evaluate its asymptotic solution as a
multi-criteria HMM.We show that under a simple linear learning regime there is convergence
to a SCE and portray strong emergence phenomena as a result of persistent
uncertainty
Classical Rotons in Cold Atomic Traps
We predict the emergence of a roton minimum in the dispersion relation of
elementary excitations in cold atomic gases in the presence of diffusive light.
In large magneto-topical traps, multiple-scattering of light is responsible for
the collective behavior of the system, which is associated to an effective
Coulomb-like interaction between the atoms. In optically thick clouds, the
re-scattered light undergoes diffusive propagation, which is responsible for a
stochastic short-range force acting on the atoms. We show that the dynamical
competition between these two forces results on a new polariton mode, which
exhibits a roton minimum. Making use of Feynman's formula for the static
structure factor, we show that the roton minimum is related to the appearance
of long-range order in the system.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Using continuous measurement to protect a universal set of quantum gates within a perturbed decoherence-free subspace
We consider a universal set of quantum gates encoded within a perturbed
decoherence-free subspace of four physical qubits. Using second-order
perturbation theory and a measuring device modeled by an infinite set of
harmonic oscillators, simply coupled to the system, we show that continuous
observation of the coupling agent induces inhibition of the decoherence due to
spurious perturbations. We thus advance the idea of protecting or even creating
a decoherence-free subspace for processing quantum information.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure. To be published in Journal of Physics A:
Mathematical and Genera
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